mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Language Models are Alignable Decision-Makers: Dataset and Application to the Medical Triage Domain

arXiv 2406.06435 ↗First posted 10 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

In difficult decision-making scenarios, it is common to have conflicting opinions among expert human decision-makers as there may not be a single right answer. Such decisions may be guided by different attributes that can be used to characterize an individual's decision. We introduce a novel dataset for medical triage decision-making, labeled with a set of decision-maker attributes (DMAs). This dataset consists of 62 scenarios, covering six different DMAs, including ethical principles such as fairness and moral desert. We present a novel software framework for human-aligned decision-making by utilizing these DMAs, paving the way for trustworthy AI with better guardrails. Specifically, we demonstrate how large language models (LLMs) can serve as ethical decision-makers, and how their decisions can be aligned to different DMAs using zero-shot prompting. Our experiments focus on different open-source models with varying sizes and training techniques, such as Falcon, Mistral, and Llama 2. Finally, we also introduce a new form of weighted self-consistency that improves the overall quantified performance. Our results provide new research directions in the use of LLMs as alignable decision-makers. The dataset and open-source software are publicly available at: https://github.com/ITM-Kitware/llm-alignable-dm.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2024.

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26 of 50 references.

References · 26

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  4. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  5. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  6. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  7. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  8. 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,586
  9. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
  10. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,886
  11. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
  12. 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
14 more
  1. 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,830
  2. 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,356
  3. 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 773
  4. 2020Aligning AI With Shared Human Valuescited by 723
  5. 2023The Falcon Series of Open Language Modelscited by 535
  6. 2023Fine-Grained Human Feedback Gives Better Rewards for Language Model Trainingcited by 401
  7. 2023Evaluating the Moral Beliefs Encoded in LLMscited by 215
  8. 2023Do the Rewards Justify the Means? Measuring Trade-Offs Between Rewards and Ethical Behavior in the MACHIAVELLI Benchmarkcited by 182
  9. 2022GitHub Copilot AI pair programmer: Asset or Liability?cited by 152
  10. 2021Can Machines Learn Morality? The Delphi Experimentcited by 141
  11. 2023SteerLM: Attribute Conditioned SFT as an (User-Steerable) Alternative to RLHFcited by 111
  12. 2023Aligning Language Models to User Opinionscited by 99
  13. 2023MoCa: Measuring Human-Language Model Alignment on Causal and Moral Judgment Taskscited by 44
  14. 2023The Behavior of Large Language Models When Prompted to Generate Code Explanationscited by 3

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  1. 2024Systematic Characterization of the Effectiveness of Alignment in Large Language Models for Categorical Decisions
  2. 2026A Human-Centric Pipeline for Aligning Large Language Models with Chinese Medical Ethics
  3. 2025Aligning Large Language Models with Healthcare Stakeholders: A Pathway to Trustworthy AI Integration
  4. 2024Aligning (Medical) LLMs for (Counterfactual) Fairness
  5. 2024TRIAGE: Ethical Benchmarking of AI Models Through Mass Casualty Simulations
  6. 2024Ensuring Safety and Trust: Analyzing the Risks of Large Language Models in Medicine
  7. 2025Small Language Models for Emergency Departments Decision Support: A Benchmark Study
  8. 2024MoralBench: Moral Evaluation of LLMs