mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Knowledge-Infused Legal Wisdom: Navigating LLM Consultation through the Lens of Diagnostics and Positive-Unlabeled Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2406.03600 ↗First posted 5 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

The integration of generative Large Language Models (LLMs) into various applications, including the legal domain, has been accelerated by their expansive and versatile nature. However, when facing a legal case, users without a legal background often struggle to formulate professional queries and may inadvertently overlook critical legal factors when presenting their case narrative to LLMs. To address this issue, we propose the Diagnostic Legal Large Language Model (D3LM), which utilizes adaptive lawyer-like diagnostic questions to collect additional case information and then provides high-quality feedback. D3LM incorporates an innovative graph-based Positive-Unlabeled Reinforcement Learning (PURL) algorithm, enabling the generation of critical questions and enhancing user-LLM interactions. Moreover, an integrated LLM-based stopping criterion facilitates precise Court Views Generation (CVG). Our research also introduces a new English-language CVG dataset based on the US case law database, enriching the realm of LLM research and deployment with a vital dimension. D3LM surpasses classical LLMs by delivering outstanding performance and a remarkable user experience in the legal domain.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2024.

Builds on

12 of 38 references.

References · 12

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  11. 2018Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptionscited by 36
  12. 2023Community-Based Hierarchical Positive-Unlabeled (PU) Model Fusion for Chronic Disease Predictioncited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.

12 papers.

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  1. 2025Elevating Legal LLM Responses: Harnessing Trainable Logical Structures and Semantic Knowledge with Legal Reasoning
  2. 2025Unilaw-R1: A Large Language Model for Legal Reasoning with Reinforcement Learning and Iterative Inference
  3. 2025SynLexLM: Scaling Legal LLMs with Synthetic Data and Curriculum Learning
  4. 2025LegalDelta: Enhancing Legal Reasoning in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning with Chain-of-Thought Guided Information Gain
  5. 2026Knowledge Graph-Assisted LLM Post-Training for Enhanced Legal Reasoning
  6. 2025Continual Pre-Training is (not) What You Need in Domain Adaption
  7. 2023DISC-LawLLM: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Intelligent Legal Services
  8. 2023Large Language Models as Tax Attorneys: A Case Study in Legal Capabilities Emergence