mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CoSy: Evaluating Textual Explanations of Neurons

arXiv 2405.20331 ↗First posted 30 May 2024cs.LG cs.AI cs.CLcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

A crucial aspect of understanding the complex nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is the ability to explain learned concepts within their latent representations. While methods exist to connect neurons to human-understandable textual descriptions, evaluating the quality of these explanations is challenging due to the lack of a unified quantitative approach. We introduce CoSy (Concept Synthesis), a novel, architecture-agnostic framework for evaluating textual explanations of latent neurons. Given textual explanations, our proposed framework uses a generative model conditioned on textual input to create data points representing the explanations. By comparing the neuron's response to these generated data points and control data points, we can estimate the quality of the explanation. We validate our framework through sanity checks and benchmark various neuron description methods for Computer Vision tasks, revealing significant differences in quality.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 May 2024.

Builds on

36 of 58 references.

References · 36

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  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
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24 more
  1. 2021LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairscited by 1,544
  2. 2015Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attentioncited by 1,421
  3. 2022Interpretability in the Wild: a Circuit for Indirect Object Identification in GPT-2 smallcited by 1,130
  4. 2017SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noisecited by 1,097
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  6. 2017Network Dissection: Quantifying Interpretability of Deep Visual Representationscited by 703
  7. 2022Post-hoc Concept Bottleneck Modelscited by 289
  8. 2016Synthesizing the preferred inputs for neurons in neural networks via deep generator networkscited by 181
  9. 2020Compositional Explanations of Neuronscited by 172
  10. 2022Quantus: An Explainable AI Toolkit for Responsible Evaluation of Neural Network Explanations and Beyondcited by 171
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  14. 2023Post Hoc Explanations of Language Models Can Improve Language Modelscited by 50
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  16. 2023Don't trust your eyes: on the (un)reliability of feature visualizationscited by 32
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  18. 2023Labeling Neural Representations with Inverse Recognitioncited by 31
  19. 2023Unlocking Feature Visualization for Deeper Networks with MAgnitude Constrained Optimizationcited by 26
  20. 2023Red Teaming Deep Neural Networks with Feature Synthesis Toolscited by 21
  21. 2022DORA: Exploring Outlier Representations in Deep Neural Networkscited by 14
  22. 2024Sanity Checks Revisited: An Exploration to Repair the Model Parameter Randomisation Testcited by 9
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 13; 2026: 3.

17 papers.

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  1. 2024Automatically Interpreting Millions of Features in Large Language Modelscited by 106
  2. 2025Interpreting CLIP with Hierarchical Sparse Autoencoderscited by 54
  3. 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptionscited by 39
  4. 2025Mechanistic understanding and validation of large AI models with SemanticLenscited by 29
  5. 2025From Colors to Classes: Emergence of Concepts in Vision Transformerscited by 23
  6. 2025FADE: Why Bad Descriptions Happen to Good Featurescited by 13
  7. 2025Capturing Polysemanticity with PRISM: A Multi-Concept Feature Description Frameworkcited by 9
  8. 2025Evaluating Neuron Explanations: A Unified Framework with Sanity Checkscited by 4
  9. 2025VITAL: More Understandable Feature Visualization through Distribution Alignment and Relevant Information Flowcited by 3
  10. 2025Interpreting Language Models Through Concept Descriptions: A Surveycited by 3
  11. 2025Atlas-Alignment: Making Interpretability Transferable Across Language Modelscited by 3
  12. 2025Faithful and Stable Neuron Explanations for Trustworthy Mechanistic Interpretabilitycited by 3
5 more
  1. 2025Automated Detection of Visual Attribute Reliance with a Self-Reflective Agentcited by 2
  2. 2025VERBA: Verbalizing Model Differences Using Large Language Modelscited by 0
  3. 2026LINE: LLM-based Iterative Neuron Explanations for Vision Modelscited by 0
  4. 2026Contrastive Semantic Projection: Faithful Neuron Labeling with Contrastive Examplescited by 0
  5. 2026SPICE: Simple Polysemantic Feature Interpretation via Clustering-based Explanationcited by 0