CoSy: Evaluating Textual Explanations of Neurons
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Abstract (arXiv)
A crucial aspect of understanding the complex nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is the ability to explain learned concepts within their latent representations. While methods exist to connect neurons to human-understandable textual descriptions, evaluating the quality of these explanations is challenging due to the lack of a unified quantitative approach. We introduce CoSy (Concept Synthesis), a novel, architecture-agnostic framework for evaluating textual explanations of latent neurons. Given textual explanations, our proposed framework uses a generative model conditioned on textual input to create data points representing the explanations. By comparing the neuron's response to these generated data points and control data points, we can estimate the quality of the explanation. We validate our framework through sanity checks and benchmark various neuron description methods for Computer Vision tasks, revealing significant differences in quality.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 May 2024.
Builds on
36 of 58 references.
References · 36
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- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
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24 more
- 2021LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairscited by 1,544
- 2015Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attentioncited by 1,421
- 2022Interpretability in the Wild: a Circuit for Indirect Object Identification in GPT-2 smallcited by 1,130
- 2017SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noisecited by 1,097
- 2023Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretabilitycited by 822
- 2017Network Dissection: Quantifying Interpretability of Deep Visual Representationscited by 703
- 2022Post-hoc Concept Bottleneck Modelscited by 289
- 2016Synthesizing the preferred inputs for neurons in neural networks via deep generator networkscited by 181
- 2020Compositional Explanations of Neuronscited by 172
- 2022Quantus: An Explainable AI Toolkit for Responsible Evaluation of Neural Network Explanations and Beyondcited by 171
- 2022CLIP-Dissect: Automatic Description of Neuron Representations in Deep Vision Networkscited by 144
- 2022OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanationscited by 125
- 2019Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligencecited by 106
- 2023Post Hoc Explanations of Language Models Can Improve Language Modelscited by 50
- 2023The Meta-Evaluation Problem in Explainable AI: Identifying Reliable Estimators with MetaQuantuscited by 37
- 2023Don't trust your eyes: on the (un)reliability of feature visualizationscited by 32
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- 2023Labeling Neural Representations with Inverse Recognitioncited by 31
- 2023Unlocking Feature Visualization for Deeper Networks with MAgnitude Constrained Optimizationcited by 26
- 2023Red Teaming Deep Neural Networks with Feature Synthesis Toolscited by 21
- 2022DORA: Exploring Outlier Representations in Deep Neural Networkscited by 14
- 2024Sanity Checks Revisited: An Exploration to Repair the Model Parameter Randomisation Testcited by 9
- 2022Visualizing the Diversity of Representations Learned by Bayesian Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2024Manipulating Feature Visualizations with Gradient Slingshotscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 13; 2026: 3.
17 papers.
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- 2024Automatically Interpreting Millions of Features in Large Language Modelscited by 106
- 2025Interpreting CLIP with Hierarchical Sparse Autoencoderscited by 54
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptionscited by 39
- 2025Mechanistic understanding and validation of large AI models with SemanticLenscited by 29
- 2025From Colors to Classes: Emergence of Concepts in Vision Transformerscited by 23
- 2025FADE: Why Bad Descriptions Happen to Good Featurescited by 13
- 2025Capturing Polysemanticity with PRISM: A Multi-Concept Feature Description Frameworkcited by 9
- 2025Evaluating Neuron Explanations: A Unified Framework with Sanity Checkscited by 4
- 2025VITAL: More Understandable Feature Visualization through Distribution Alignment and Relevant Information Flowcited by 3
- 2025Interpreting Language Models Through Concept Descriptions: A Surveycited by 3
- 2025Atlas-Alignment: Making Interpretability Transferable Across Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Faithful and Stable Neuron Explanations for Trustworthy Mechanistic Interpretabilitycited by 3
5 more
- 2025Automated Detection of Visual Attribute Reliance with a Self-Reflective Agentcited by 2
- 2025VERBA: Verbalizing Model Differences Using Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026LINE: LLM-based Iterative Neuron Explanations for Vision Modelscited by 0
- 2026Contrastive Semantic Projection: Faithful Neuron Labeling with Contrastive Examplescited by 0
- 2026SPICE: Simple Polysemantic Feature Interpretation via Clustering-based Explanationcited by 0
- 2026SPICE: Simple Polysemantic Feature Interpretation via Clustering-based Explanation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Contrastive Semantic Projection: Faithful Neuron Labeling with Contrastive Examples24 Apr 2026
- 2026LINE: LLM-based Iterative Neuron Explanations for Vision Models9 Apr 2026
- 2025Faithful and Stable Neuron Explanations for Trustworthy Mechanistic Interpretability19 Dec 2025
- 2025Atlas-Alignment: Making Interpretability Transferable Across Language Models31 Oct 2025
- 2025Automated Detection of Visual Attribute Reliance with a Self-Reflective Agent24 Oct 2025
- 2025Interpreting Language Models Through Concept Descriptions: A Survey1 Oct 2025
- 2025VERBA: Verbalizing Model Differences Using Large Language Models3 Jul 2025
- 2025Capturing Polysemanticity with PRISM: A Multi-Concept Feature Description Framework18 Jun 2025
- 2025Evaluating Neuron Explanations: A Unified Framework with Sanity Checks6 Jun 2025
- 2025From Colors to Classes: Emergence of Concepts in Vision Transformers31 Mar 2025
- 2025VITAL: More Understandable Feature Visualization through Distribution Alignment and Relevant Information Flow28 Mar 2025
5 more
- 2025Interpreting CLIP with Hierarchical Sparse Autoencoders27 Feb 2025
- 2025FADE: Why Bad Descriptions Happen to Good Features24 Feb 2025
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptions14 Jan 2025
- 2025Mechanistic understanding and validation of large AI models with SemanticLens9 Jan 2025
- 2024Automatically Interpreting Millions of Features in Large Language Models17 Oct 2024
- 2024Automatically Interpreting Millions of Features in Large Language Modelscited by 106
- 2025Interpreting CLIP with Hierarchical Sparse Autoencoderscited by 54
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptionscited by 39
- 2025Mechanistic understanding and validation of large AI models with SemanticLenscited by 29
- 2025From Colors to Classes: Emergence of Concepts in Vision Transformerscited by 23
- 2025FADE: Why Bad Descriptions Happen to Good Featurescited by 13
- 2025Capturing Polysemanticity with PRISM: A Multi-Concept Feature Description Frameworkcited by 9
- 2025Evaluating Neuron Explanations: A Unified Framework with Sanity Checkscited by 4
- 2025VITAL: More Understandable Feature Visualization through Distribution Alignment and Relevant Information Flowcited by 3
- 2025Interpreting Language Models Through Concept Descriptions: A Surveycited by 3
- 2025Atlas-Alignment: Making Interpretability Transferable Across Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Faithful and Stable Neuron Explanations for Trustworthy Mechanistic Interpretabilitycited by 3
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026SPICE: Simple Polysemantic Feature Interpretation via Clustering-based Explanation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Contrastive Semantic Projection: Faithful Neuron Labeling with Contrastive Examples24 Apr 2026
- 2026LINE: LLM-based Iterative Neuron Explanations for Vision Models9 Apr 2026
- 2025Faithful and Stable Neuron Explanations for Trustworthy Mechanistic Interpretability19 Dec 2025
- 2025Atlas-Alignment: Making Interpretability Transferable Across Language Models31 Oct 2025
- 2025Automated Detection of Visual Attribute Reliance with a Self-Reflective Agent24 Oct 2025
- 2025Interpreting Language Models Through Concept Descriptions: A Survey1 Oct 2025
- 2025VERBA: Verbalizing Model Differences Using Large Language Models3 Jul 2025
- 2025Capturing Polysemanticity with PRISM: A Multi-Concept Feature Description Framework18 Jun 2025
- 2025Evaluating Neuron Explanations: A Unified Framework with Sanity Checks6 Jun 2025
- 2025From Colors to Classes: Emergence of Concepts in Vision Transformers31 Mar 2025
- 2025VITAL: More Understandable Feature Visualization through Distribution Alignment and Relevant Information Flow28 Mar 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)