Identity Decoupling for Multi-Subject Personalization of Text-to-Image Models
On the map: Diffusion models → Image generation, text-to-image and editing
Abstract (arXiv)
Text-to-image diffusion models have shown remarkable success in generating personalized subjects based on a few reference images. However, current methods often fail when generating multiple subjects simultaneously, resulting in mixed identities with combined attributes from different subjects. In this work, we present MuDI, a novel framework that enables multi-subject personalization by effectively decoupling identities from multiple subjects. Our main idea is to utilize segmented subjects generated by a foundation model for segmentation (Segment Anything) for both training and inference, as a form of data augmentation for training and initialization for the generation process. Moreover, we further introduce a new metric to better evaluate the performance of our method on multi-subject personalization. Experimental results show that our MuDI can produce high-quality personalized images without identity mixing, even for highly similar subjects as shown in Figure 1. Specifically, in human evaluation, MuDI obtains twice the success rate for personalizing multiple subjects without identity mixing over existing baselines and is preferred over 70% against the strongest baseline.
Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Image generation, text-to-image and editing, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 47 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Apr 2024.
Builds on
47 of 56 references.
Closest ancestors · 16
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Orthogonal Adaptation for Modular Customization of Diffusion Models5 Dec
- 2023Multi-Concept T2I-Zero: Tweaking Only The Text Embeddings and Nothing Else11 Oct
- 2023Mix-of-Show: Decentralized Low-Rank Adaptation for Multi-Concept Customization of Diffusion Models29 May
- 2023FastComposer: Tuning-Free Multi-Subject Image Generation with Localized Attention17 May
- 2023Guided Image Synthesis via Initial Image Editing in Diffusion Model5 May
- 2023Generating images of rare concepts using pre-trained diffusion models27 Apr
- 2023ReVersion: Diffusion-Based Relation Inversion from Images23 Mar
- 2023SVDiff: Compact Parameter Space for Diffusion Fine-Tuning20 Mar
- 2023Cones: Concept Neurons in Diffusion Models for Customized Generation9 Mar
- 2023T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models16 Feb
- 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Models10 Feb
- 2022Multi-Concept Customization of Text-to-Image Diffusion8 Dec
4 more
- 2022eDiff-I: Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with an Ensemble of Expert Denoisers2 Nov
- 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generation25 Aug
- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding23 May
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents13 Apr
Other references · 31
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
- 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,290
- 2019CutMix: Regularization Strategy to Train Strong Classifiers with Localizable Featurescited by 2,875
- 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,409
19 more
- 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,231
- 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,010
- 2023Training Diffusion Models with Reinforcement Learningcited by 939
- 2023Diffusion Model Alignment Using Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 767
- 2023Directly Fine-Tuning Diffusion Models on Differentiable Rewardscited by 431
- 2023Aligning Text-to-Image Models using Human Feedbackcited by 418
- 2023ELITE: Encoding Visual Concepts into Textual Embeddings for Customized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 414
- 2023AnyDoor: Zero-shot Object-level Image Customizationcited by 411
- 2023Scaling Open-Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 335
- 2023DreamSim: Learning New Dimensions of Human Visual Similarity using Synthetic Datacited by 322
- 2023P+: Extended Textual Conditioning in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 242
- 2023Break-A-Scene: Extracting Multiple Concepts from a Single Imagecited by 230
- 2023Key-Locked Rank One Editing for Text-to-Image Personalizationcited by 194
- 2023A Neural Space-Time Representation for Text-to-Image Personalizationcited by 123
- 2023Cones 2: Customizable Image Synthesis with Multiple Subjectscited by 101
- 2023RealFill: Reference-Driven Generation for Authentic Image Completioncited by 58
- 2024PALP: Prompt Aligned Personalization of Text-to-Image Modelscited by 35
- 2023Learning Disentangled Identifiers for Action-Customized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 24
- 2023InstructBooth: Instruction-following Personalized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 17; 2026: 7.
33 papers.
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- 2024DreamStory: Open-Domain Story Visualization by LLM-Guided Multi-Subject Consistent Diffusioncited by 46
- 2024UniPortrait: A Unified Framework for Identity-Preserving Single- and Multi-Human Image Personalizationcited by 46
- 2025Movie Weaver: Tuning-Free Multi-Concept Video Personalization with Anchored Promptscited by 28
- 2024StoryMaker: Towards Holistic Consistent Characters in Text-to-image Generationcited by 27
- 2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusioncited by 24
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Surveycited by 20
- 2024Personalized Multimodal Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 19
- 2024ClassDiffusion: More Aligned Personalization Tuning with Explicit Class Guidancecited by 18
- 2025AnyStory: Towards Unified Single and Multiple Subject Personalization in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 16
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- 2025Mod-Adapter: Tuning-Free and Versatile Multi-concept Personalization via Modulation Adaptercited by 13
- 2025RePIC: Reinforced Post-Training for Personalizing Multi-Modal Language Modelscited by 13
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- 2026LMMs Meet Object-Centric Vision: Understanding, Segmentation, Editing and Generationcited by 6
- 2024Controllable Human Image Generation with Personalized Multi-Garmentscited by 5
- 2025TARA: Token-Aware LoRA for Composable Personalization in Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025SIGMA-GEN: Structure and Identity Guided Multi-subject Assembly for Image Generationcited by 5
- 2024Improving Multi-Subject Consistency in Open-Domain Image Generation with Isolation and Reposition Attentioncited by 3
- 2025Continual Personalization for Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2026MultiBind: A Benchmark for Attribute Misbinding in Multi-Subject Generationcited by 3
- 2025ShowFlow: From Robust Single Concept to Condition-Free Multi-Concept Generationcited by 2
- 2024Layout-and-Retouch: A Dual-stage Framework for Improving Diversity in Personalized Image Generationcited by 1
- 2025Griffin: Generative Reference and Layout Guided Image Compositioncited by 1
- 2025AnyMS: Bottom-up Attention Decoupling for Layout-guided and Training-free Multi-subject Customizationcited by 1
- 2025FaR: Enhancing Multi-Concept Text-to-Image Diffusion via Concept Fusion and Localized Refinementcited by 0
- 2025Parallel Rescaling: Rebalancing Consistency Guidance for Personalized Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2025A Training-Free Approach for Multi-ID Customization via Attention Adjustment and Spatial Controlcited by 0
- 2026C2P-VAR: Continual and Compositional Personalization in Visual Autoregressive Modelscited by 0
- 2026Squeezing Capacity from Multimodal Large Language Models for Subject-driven Generationcited by 0
- 2026Reference-Driven Multi-Speaker Audio Scene Generation from In-the-Wild Priorscited by 0
- 2026MultiAnimate: A Unified Framework for Controllable Multi-Character Animationcited by 0
- 2026MultiAnimate: A Unified Framework for Controllable Multi-Character Animation15 Jul 2026
- 2026Reference-Driven Multi-Speaker Audio Scene Generation from In-the-Wild Priors17 Jun 2026
- 2026Squeezing Capacity from Multimodal Large Language Models for Subject-driven Generation25 May 2026
- 2026C2P-VAR: Continual and Compositional Personalization in Visual Autoregressive Models19 May 2026
- 2026LMMs Meet Object-Centric Vision: Understanding, Segmentation, Editing and Generation13 Apr 2026
- 2026MultiBind: A Benchmark for Attribute Misbinding in Multi-Subject Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026Self-Refining Video Sampling26 Jan 2026
- 2025AnyMS: Bottom-up Attention Decoupling for Layout-guided and Training-free Multi-subject Customization29 Dec 2025
- 2025A Training-Free Approach for Multi-ID Customization via Attention Adjustment and Spatial Control25 Nov 2025
- 2025SIGMA-GEN: Structure and Identity Guided Multi-subject Assembly for Image Generation7 Oct 2025
- 2025Continual Personalization for Diffusion Models2 Oct 2025
- 2025Griffin: Generative Reference and Layout Guided Image Composition28 Sep 2025
21 more
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- 2025ShowFlow: From Robust Single Concept to Condition-Free Multi-Concept Generation23 Jun 2025
- 2025RePIC: Reinforced Post-Training for Personalizing Multi-Modal Language Models23 Jun 2025
- 2025Parallel Rescaling: Rebalancing Consistency Guidance for Personalized Diffusion Models31 May 2025
- 2025Mod-Adapter: Tuning-Free and Versatile Multi-concept Personalization via Modulation Adapter24 May 2025
- 2025FaR: Enhancing Multi-Concept Text-to-Image Diffusion via Concept Fusion and Localized Refinement4 Apr 2025
- 2025Silent Branding Attack: Trigger-free Data Poisoning Attack on Text-to-Image Diffusion Models12 Mar 2025
- 2025LatexBlend: Scaling Multi-concept Customized Generation with Latent Textual Blending10 Mar 2025
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Survey18 Feb 2025
- 2025Movie Weaver: Tuning-Free Multi-Concept Video Personalization with Anchored Prompts4 Feb 2025
- 2025AnyStory: Towards Unified Single and Multiple Subject Personalization in Text-to-Image Generation16 Jan 2025
- 2024Personalized Multimodal Large Language Models: A Survey3 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Multi-Subject Consistency in Open-Domain Image Generation with Isolation and Reposition Attention28 Nov 2024
- 2024Controllable Human Image Generation with Personalized Multi-Garments25 Nov 2024
- 2024StoryMaker: Towards Holistic Consistent Characters in Text-to-image Generation19 Sep 2024
- 2024UniPortrait: A Unified Framework for Identity-Preserving Single- and Multi-Human Image Personalization12 Aug 2024
- 2024DreamStory: Open-Domain Story Visualization by LLM-Guided Multi-Subject Consistent Diffusion17 Jul 2024
- 2024Layout-and-Retouch: A Dual-stage Framework for Improving Diversity in Personalized Image Generation13 Jul 2024
- 2024ClassDiffusion: More Aligned Personalization Tuning with Explicit Class Guidance27 May 2024
- 2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusion23 May 2024
- 2024DreamStory: Open-Domain Story Visualization by LLM-Guided Multi-Subject Consistent Diffusioncited by 46
- 2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusioncited by 24
- 2024ClassDiffusion: More Aligned Personalization Tuning with Explicit Class Guidancecited by 18
- 2025Silent Branding Attack: Trigger-free Data Poisoning Attack on Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 11
- 2024Controllable Human Image Generation with Personalized Multi-Garmentscited by 5
- 2025TARA: Token-Aware LoRA for Composable Personalization in Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2024Improving Multi-Subject Consistency in Open-Domain Image Generation with Isolation and Reposition Attentioncited by 3
- 2025Continual Personalization for Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025FaR: Enhancing Multi-Concept Text-to-Image Diffusion via Concept Fusion and Localized Refinementcited by 0
- 2025Parallel Rescaling: Rebalancing Consistency Guidance for Personalized Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2025Continual Personalization for Diffusion Models2 Oct 2025
- 2025TARA: Token-Aware LoRA for Composable Personalization in Diffusion Models12 Aug 2025
- 2025Parallel Rescaling: Rebalancing Consistency Guidance for Personalized Diffusion Models31 May 2025
- 2025FaR: Enhancing Multi-Concept Text-to-Image Diffusion via Concept Fusion and Localized Refinement4 Apr 2025
- 2025Silent Branding Attack: Trigger-free Data Poisoning Attack on Text-to-Image Diffusion Models12 Mar 2025
- 2024Improving Multi-Subject Consistency in Open-Domain Image Generation with Isolation and Reposition Attention28 Nov 2024
- 2024Controllable Human Image Generation with Personalized Multi-Garments25 Nov 2024
- 2024DreamStory: Open-Domain Story Visualization by LLM-Guided Multi-Subject Consistent Diffusion17 Jul 2024
- 2024ClassDiffusion: More Aligned Personalization Tuning with Explicit Class Guidance27 May 2024
- 2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusion23 May 2024
- 2024UniPortrait: A Unified Framework for Identity-Preserving Single- and Multi-Human Image Personalizationcited by 46
- 2025Movie Weaver: Tuning-Free Multi-Concept Video Personalization with Anchored Promptscited by 28
- 2024StoryMaker: Towards Holistic Consistent Characters in Text-to-image Generationcited by 27
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Surveycited by 20
- 2025AnyStory: Towards Unified Single and Multiple Subject Personalization in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 16
- 2026Self-Refining Video Samplingcited by 14
- 2025LatexBlend: Scaling Multi-concept Customized Generation with Latent Textual Blendingcited by 10
- 2025MultiHuman-Testbench: Benchmarking Image Generation for Multiple Humanscited by 8
- 2025SIGMA-GEN: Structure and Identity Guided Multi-subject Assembly for Image Generationcited by 5
- 2026MultiBind: A Benchmark for Attribute Misbinding in Multi-Subject Generationcited by 3
- 2025ShowFlow: From Robust Single Concept to Condition-Free Multi-Concept Generationcited by 2
- 2024Layout-and-Retouch: A Dual-stage Framework for Improving Diversity in Personalized Image Generationcited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026MultiAnimate: A Unified Framework for Controllable Multi-Character Animation15 Jul 2026
- 2026Reference-Driven Multi-Speaker Audio Scene Generation from In-the-Wild Priors17 Jun 2026
- 2026C2P-VAR: Continual and Compositional Personalization in Visual Autoregressive Models19 May 2026
- 2026MultiBind: A Benchmark for Attribute Misbinding in Multi-Subject Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026Self-Refining Video Sampling26 Jan 2026
- 2025AnyMS: Bottom-up Attention Decoupling for Layout-guided and Training-free Multi-subject Customization29 Dec 2025
- 2025A Training-Free Approach for Multi-ID Customization via Attention Adjustment and Spatial Control25 Nov 2025
- 2025SIGMA-GEN: Structure and Identity Guided Multi-subject Assembly for Image Generation7 Oct 2025
- 2025Griffin: Generative Reference and Layout Guided Image Composition28 Sep 2025
- 2025MultiHuman-Testbench: Benchmarking Image Generation for Multiple Humans25 Jun 2025
- 2025ShowFlow: From Robust Single Concept to Condition-Free Multi-Concept Generation23 Jun 2025
- 2025LatexBlend: Scaling Multi-concept Customized Generation with Latent Textual Blending10 Mar 2025
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
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- 2025PIDiff: Image Customization for Personalized Identities with Diffusion Models
- 2024JeDi: Joint-Image Diffusion Models for Finetuning-Free Personalized Text-to-Image Generation
- 2025Training for Identity, Inference for Controllability: A Unified Approach to Tuning-Free Face Personalization
- 2023Subject-Diffusion:Open Domain Personalized Text-to-Image Generation without Test-time Fine-tuning
- 2024Towards a Simultaneous and Granular Identity-Expression Control in Personalized Face Generation