mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Automatic Interactive Evaluation for Large Language Models with State Aware Patient Simulator

arXiv 2403.08495 ↗First posted 13 Mar 2024cs.CLcited by 36

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in human interactions, yet their application within the medical field remains insufficiently explored. Previous works mainly focus on the performance of medical knowledge with examinations, which is far from the realistic scenarios, falling short in assessing the abilities of LLMs on clinical tasks. In the quest to enhance the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, this paper introduces the Automated Interactive Evaluation (AIE) framework and the State-Aware Patient Simulator (SAPS), targeting the gap between traditional LLM evaluations and the nuanced demands of clinical practice. Unlike prior methods that rely on static medical knowledge assessments, AIE and SAPS provide a dynamic, realistic platform for assessing LLMs through multi-turn doctor-patient simulations. This approach offers a closer approximation to real clinical scenarios and allows for a detailed analysis of LLM behaviors in response to complex patient interactions. Our extensive experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the AIE framework, with outcomes that align well with human evaluations, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical LLM testing for improved healthcare delivery.

Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2024.

Builds on

28 of 48 references.

References · 28

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16 more
  1. 2023Role-Play with Large Language Modelscited by 290
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 12; 2026: 18.

36 papers.

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  1. 2024AgentClinic: a multimodal agent benchmark to evaluate AI in simulated clinical environmentscited by 215
  2. 2025PatientSim: A Persona-Driven Simulator for Realistic Doctor-Patient Interactionscited by 30
  3. 2025Quantifying the Reasoning Abilities of LLMs on Real-world Clinical Casescited by 28
  4. 2025MedS3: Towards Medical Slow Thinking with Self-Evolved Soft Dual-sided Process Supervisioncited by 23
  5. 2024Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometricscited by 22
  6. 2024ReflecTool: Towards Reflection-Aware Tool-Augmented Clinical Agentscited by 20
  7. 2025EHR-R1: A Reasoning-Enhanced Foundational Language Model for Electronic Health Record Analysiscited by 17
  8. 2025Consistent Client Simulation for Motivational Interviewing-based Counselingcited by 14
  9. 2025Scaffolding Empathy: Training Counselors with Simulated Patients and Utterance-level Performance Visualizationscited by 14
  10. 2026MedDialogRubrics: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Evaluation Framework for Multi-turn Medical Consultations in Large Language Modelscited by 12
  11. 2025The Dialogue That Heals: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Doctor Agents' Inquiry Capabilitycited by 10
  12. 2025Enhanced Large Language Models for Effective Screening of Depression and Anxietycited by 9
24 more
  1. 2024PIORS: Personalized Intelligent Outpatient Reception based on Large Language Model with Multi-Agents Medical Scenario Simulationcited by 8
  2. 2026ATPO: Adaptive Tree Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Medical Dialoguecited by 8
  3. 2025Evolving Interactive Diagnostic Agents in a Virtual Clinical Environmentcited by 7
  4. 2024Med-PMC: Medical Personalized Multi-modal Consultation with a Proactive Ask-First-Observe-Next Paradigmcited by 5
  5. 2026MedConsultBench: A Full-Cycle, Fine-Grained, Process-Aware Benchmark for Medical Consultation Agentscited by 4
  6. 2026AgentEHR: Advancing Autonomous Clinical Decision-Making via Retrospective Summarizationcited by 4
  7. 2026PatientHub: A Unified Framework for Patient Simulationcited by 4
  8. 2026Benchmarking Multi-turn Medical Diagnosis: Hold, Lure, and Self-Correctioncited by 4
  9. 2026MeDxAgent: Multi-Agent Consultation for Interactive Medical Diagnosiscited by 4
  10. 2025Interactive Evaluation of Large Language Models for Multi-Requirement Software Engineering Taskscited by 3
  11. 2025MedKGEval: A Knowledge Graph-Based Multi-Turn Evaluation Framework for Open-Ended Patient Interactions with Clinical LLMscited by 3
  12. 2026Assessing Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health Support: A Framework for Automated Clinical AI Red Teamingcited by 3
  13. 2024Critique of Impure Reason: Unveiling the reasoning behaviour of medical Large Language Modelscited by 2
  14. 2025Med-CoDE: Medical Critique based Disagreement Evaluation Frameworkcited by 2
  15. 2026Active Evidence-Seeking and Diagnostic Reasoning in Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Supportcited by 1
  16. 2026Multi-Stage Patient Role-Playing Framework for Realistic Clinical Interactionscited by 0
  17. 2026Think Like a Doctor: Conversational Diagnosis through the Exploration of Diagnostic Knowledge Graphscited by 0
  18. 2026H-AdminSim: A Multi-Agent Simulator for Realistic Hospital Administrative Workflows with FHIR Integrationcited by 0
  19. 2026ClinConsensus: A Physician-Calibrated Benchmark for Evaluating Clinical Rubric Coverage in Chinese Medical LLMscited by 0
  20. 2026VeriSim: A Configurable Framework for Stress-Testing Medical AI Under Patient Communication Noisecited by 0
  21. 2026Beyond Prompt: Fine-grained Simulation of Cognitively Impaired Standardized Patients via Stochastic Steeringcited by 0
  22. 2026From Feelings to Metrics: Understanding and Formalizing How Users Vibe-Test LLMscited by 0
  23. 2026MoBayes: A Modular Bayesian Framework for Separating Reasoning from Language in Conversational Clinical Decision Supportcited by 0
  24. 2026KlinikeBench: Evaluating Language Models Beyond Diagnostic Accuracycited by 0