Automatic Interactive Evaluation for Large Language Models with State Aware Patient Simulator
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in human interactions, yet their application within the medical field remains insufficiently explored. Previous works mainly focus on the performance of medical knowledge with examinations, which is far from the realistic scenarios, falling short in assessing the abilities of LLMs on clinical tasks. In the quest to enhance the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, this paper introduces the Automated Interactive Evaluation (AIE) framework and the State-Aware Patient Simulator (SAPS), targeting the gap between traditional LLM evaluations and the nuanced demands of clinical practice. Unlike prior methods that rely on static medical knowledge assessments, AIE and SAPS provide a dynamic, realistic platform for assessing LLMs through multi-turn doctor-patient simulations. This approach offers a closer approximation to real clinical scenarios and allows for a detailed analysis of LLM behaviors in response to complex patient interactions. Our extensive experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the AIE framework, with outcomes that align well with human evaluations, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical LLM testing for improved healthcare delivery.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2024.
Builds on
28 of 48 references.
References · 28
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 12; 2026: 18.
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- 2026VeriSim: A Configurable Framework for Stress-Testing Medical AI Under Patient Communication Noise12 Apr 2026
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- 2025The Dialogue That Heals: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Doctor Agents' Inquiry Capability29 Sep 2025
- 2025Interactive Evaluation of Large Language Models for Multi-Requirement Software Engineering Tasks26 Aug 2025
- 2025PatientSim: A Persona-Driven Simulator for Realistic Doctor-Patient Interactions23 May 2025
- 2025Med-CoDE: Medical Critique based Disagreement Evaluation Framework21 Apr 2025
- 2025Quantifying the Reasoning Abilities of LLMs on Real-world Clinical Cases6 Mar 2025
- 2025Scaffolding Empathy: Training Counselors with Simulated Patients and Utterance-level Performance Visualizations25 Feb 2025
- 2025Consistent Client Simulation for Motivational Interviewing-based Counseling5 Feb 2025
- 2025MedS3: Towards Medical Slow Thinking with Self-Evolved Soft Dual-sided Process Supervision21 Jan 2025
- 2025Enhanced Large Language Models for Effective Screening of Depression and Anxiety15 Jan 2025
- 2024Critique of Impure Reason: Unveiling the reasoning behaviour of medical Large Language Models20 Dec 2024
- 2024PIORS: Personalized Intelligent Outpatient Reception based on Large Language Model with Multi-Agents Medical Scenario Simulation21 Nov 2024
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- 2024Med-PMC: Medical Personalized Multi-modal Consultation with a Proactive Ask-First-Observe-Next Paradigm16 Aug 2024
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometrics25 Jun 2024
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- 2025Evolving Interactive Diagnostic Agents in a Virtual Clinical Environmentcited by 7
- 2026MeDxAgent: Multi-Agent Consultation for Interactive Medical Diagnosiscited by 4
- 2026H-AdminSim: A Multi-Agent Simulator for Realistic Hospital Administrative Workflows with FHIR Integrationcited by 0
- 2026MeDxAgent: Multi-Agent Consultation for Interactive Medical Diagnosis2 Jun 2026
- 2026H-AdminSim: A Multi-Agent Simulator for Realistic Hospital Administrative Workflows with FHIR Integration5 Feb 2026
- 2025Evolving Interactive Diagnostic Agents in a Virtual Clinical Environment28 Oct 2025
- 2025The Dialogue That Heals: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Doctor Agents' Inquiry Capability29 Sep 2025
- 2024ReflecTool: Towards Reflection-Aware Tool-Augmented Clinical Agents23 Oct 2024
- 2024AgentClinic: a multimodal agent benchmark to evaluate AI in simulated clinical environments13 May 2024
- 2025Quantifying the Reasoning Abilities of LLMs on Real-world Clinical Casescited by 28
- 2025MedS3: Towards Medical Slow Thinking with Self-Evolved Soft Dual-sided Process Supervisioncited by 23
- 2025EHR-R1: A Reasoning-Enhanced Foundational Language Model for Electronic Health Record Analysiscited by 17
- 2024Critique of Impure Reason: Unveiling the reasoning behaviour of medical Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Active Evidence-Seeking and Diagnostic Reasoning in Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Supportcited by 1
- 2026MoBayes: A Modular Bayesian Framework for Separating Reasoning from Language in Conversational Clinical Decision Supportcited by 0
- 2026Active Evidence-Seeking and Diagnostic Reasoning in Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Support21 May 2026
- 2026MoBayes: A Modular Bayesian Framework for Separating Reasoning from Language in Conversational Clinical Decision Support21 Apr 2026
- 2025EHR-R1: A Reasoning-Enhanced Foundational Language Model for Electronic Health Record Analysis29 Oct 2025
- 2025Quantifying the Reasoning Abilities of LLMs on Real-world Clinical Cases6 Mar 2025
- 2025MedS3: Towards Medical Slow Thinking with Self-Evolved Soft Dual-sided Process Supervision21 Jan 2025
- 2024Critique of Impure Reason: Unveiling the reasoning behaviour of medical Large Language Models20 Dec 2024
- 2025PatientSim: A Persona-Driven Simulator for Realistic Doctor-Patient Interactionscited by 30
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometricscited by 22
- 2025Consistent Client Simulation for Motivational Interviewing-based Counselingcited by 14
- 2025Scaffolding Empathy: Training Counselors with Simulated Patients and Utterance-level Performance Visualizationscited by 14
- 2026MedDialogRubrics: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Evaluation Framework for Multi-turn Medical Consultations in Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2025Enhanced Large Language Models for Effective Screening of Depression and Anxietycited by 9
- 2024PIORS: Personalized Intelligent Outpatient Reception based on Large Language Model with Multi-Agents Medical Scenario Simulationcited by 8
- 2026ATPO: Adaptive Tree Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Medical Dialoguecited by 8
- 2026MedConsultBench: A Full-Cycle, Fine-Grained, Process-Aware Benchmark for Medical Consultation Agentscited by 4
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- 2026PatientHub: A Unified Framework for Patient Simulationcited by 4
- 2026Benchmarking Multi-turn Medical Diagnosis: Hold, Lure, and Self-Correctioncited by 4
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
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- 2026Beyond Prompt: Fine-grained Simulation of Cognitively Impaired Standardized Patients via Stochastic Steering14 Apr 2026
- 2026VeriSim: A Configurable Framework for Stress-Testing Medical AI Under Patient Communication Noise12 Apr 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Multi-turn Medical Diagnosis: Hold, Lure, and Self-Correction6 Apr 2026
- 2026ClinConsensus: A Physician-Calibrated Benchmark for Evaluating Clinical Rubric Coverage in Chinese Medical LLMs2 Mar 2026
- 2026PatientHub: A Unified Framework for Patient Simulation12 Feb 2026
- 2026ATPO: Adaptive Tree Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Medical Dialogue10 Feb 2026
- 2026Think Like a Doctor: Conversational Diagnosis through the Exploration of Diagnostic Knowledge Graphs2 Feb 2026
- 2026AgentEHR: Advancing Autonomous Clinical Decision-Making via Retrospective Summarization20 Jan 2026
- 2026MedConsultBench: A Full-Cycle, Fine-Grained, Process-Aware Benchmark for Medical Consultation Agents19 Jan 2026
- 2026Multi-Stage Patient Role-Playing Framework for Realistic Clinical Interactions16 Jan 2026
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)