Human vs. LMMs: Exploring the Discrepancy in Emoji Interpretation and Usage in Digital Communication
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM training and visual instruction tuning
Abstract (arXiv)
Leveraging Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) to simulate human behaviors when processing multimodal information, especially in the context of social media, has garnered immense interest due to its broad potential and far-reaching implications. Emojis, as one of the most unique aspects of digital communication, are pivotal in enriching and often clarifying the emotional and tonal dimensions. Yet, there is a notable gap in understanding how these advanced models, such as GPT-4V, interpret and employ emojis in the nuanced context of online interaction. This study intends to bridge this gap by examining the behavior of GPT-4V in replicating human-like use of emojis. The findings reveal a discernible discrepancy between human and GPT-4V behaviors, likely due to the subjective nature of human interpretation and the limitations of GPT-4V's English-centric training, suggesting cultural biases and inadequate representation of non-English cultures.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM training and visual instruction tuning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 10 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2024.
Builds on
10 of 46 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)29 Sep
- 2023MM-Vet: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilities4 Aug
Other references · 8
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,386
- 2023S3: Social-network Simulation System with Large Language Model-Empowered Agentscited by 233
- 2023Simulating Social Media Using Large Language Models to Evaluate Alternative News Feed Algorithmscited by 65
- 2023SentimentGPT: Exploiting GPT for Advanced Sentiment Analysis and its Departure from Current Machine Learningcited by 38
- 2015Sentiment of Emojiscited by 32
- 2017Spice up Your Chat: The Intentions and Sentiment Effects of Using Emojicited by 12
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 4.
8 papers.
- 2025Multi-Agent Simulator Drives Language Models for Legal Intensive Interactioncited by 22
- 2024Representation Bias in Political Sample Simulations with Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024Emojis Decoded: Leveraging ChatGPT for Enhanced Understanding in Social Media Communicationscited by 7
- 2025Irony in Emojis: A Comparative Study of Human and LLM Interpretationcited by 6
- 2024Harnessing GPT-4V(ision) for Insurance: A Preliminary Explorationcited by 5
- 2025When Smiley Turns Hostile: Interpreting How Emojis Trigger LLMs' Toxicitycited by 2
- 2024Semantics Preserving Emoji Recommendation with Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025The Hidden Language of Harm: Examining the Role of Emojis in Harmful Online Communication and Content Moderationcited by 0
- 2025When Smiley Turns Hostile: Interpreting How Emojis Trigger LLMs' Toxicity14 Sep 2025
- 2025The Hidden Language of Harm: Examining the Role of Emojis in Harmful Online Communication and Content Moderation31 May 2025
- 2025Multi-Agent Simulator Drives Language Models for Legal Intensive Interaction8 Feb 2025
- 2025Irony in Emojis: A Comparative Study of Human and LLM Interpretation20 Jan 2025
- 2024Semantics Preserving Emoji Recommendation with Large Language Models16 Sep 2024
- 2024Representation Bias in Political Sample Simulations with Large Language Models16 Jul 2024
- 2024Harnessing GPT-4V(ision) for Insurance: A Preliminary Exploration15 Apr 2024
- 2024Emojis Decoded: Leveraging ChatGPT for Enhanced Understanding in Social Media Communications22 Jan 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024From Text to Emoji: How PEFT-Driven Personality Manipulation Unleashes the Emoji Potential in LLMs
- 2026I Came, I Saw, I Explained: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs on Figurative Meaning in Memes
- 2025EMODIS: A Benchmark for Context-Dependent Emoji Disambiguation in Large Language Models
- 2026Are LLMs Safe Beyond Text: Do Emojis Expose Gaps in Safety Evaluation
- 2026Multimodal Large Language Models as Synthetic Participants in Video-Based Studies: An Evaluation
- 2025Evaluating Human-LLM Representation Alignment: A Case Study on Affective Sentence Generation for Augmentative and Alternative Communication
- 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Models
- 2026From Native Memes to Global Moderation: Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Vision-Language Models for Hateful Meme Detection