mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Human vs. LMMs: Exploring the Discrepancy in Emoji Interpretation and Usage in Digital Communication

arXiv 2401.08212 ↗First posted 16 Jan 2024cs.CVcited by 8

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM training and visual instruction tuning

Abstract (arXiv)

Leveraging Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) to simulate human behaviors when processing multimodal information, especially in the context of social media, has garnered immense interest due to its broad potential and far-reaching implications. Emojis, as one of the most unique aspects of digital communication, are pivotal in enriching and often clarifying the emotional and tonal dimensions. Yet, there is a notable gap in understanding how these advanced models, such as GPT-4V, interpret and employ emojis in the nuanced context of online interaction. This study intends to bridge this gap by examining the behavior of GPT-4V in replicating human-like use of emojis. The findings reveal a discernible discrepancy between human and GPT-4V behaviors, likely due to the subjective nature of human interpretation and the limitations of GPT-4V's English-centric training, suggesting cultural biases and inadequate representation of non-English cultures.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM training and visual instruction tuning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 10 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2024.

Builds on

10 of 46 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)29 Sep
  2. 2023MM-Vet: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilities4 Aug

Other references · 8

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
  3. 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,386
  4. 2023S3: Social-network Simulation System with Large Language Model-Empowered Agentscited by 233
  5. 2023Simulating Social Media Using Large Language Models to Evaluate Alternative News Feed Algorithmscited by 65
  6. 2023SentimentGPT: Exploiting GPT for Advanced Sentiment Analysis and its Departure from Current Machine Learningcited by 38
  7. 2015Sentiment of Emojiscited by 32
  8. 2017Spice up Your Chat: The Intentions and Sentiment Effects of Using Emojicited by 12

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 4.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024From Text to Emoji: How PEFT-Driven Personality Manipulation Unleashes the Emoji Potential in LLMs
  2. 2026I Came, I Saw, I Explained: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs on Figurative Meaning in Memes
  3. 2025EMODIS: A Benchmark for Context-Dependent Emoji Disambiguation in Large Language Models
  4. 2026Are LLMs Safe Beyond Text: Do Emojis Expose Gaps in Safety Evaluation
  5. 2026Multimodal Large Language Models as Synthetic Participants in Video-Based Studies: An Evaluation
  6. 2025Evaluating Human-LLM Representation Alignment: A Case Study on Affective Sentence Generation for Augmentative and Alternative Communication
  7. 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Models
  8. 2026From Native Memes to Global Moderation: Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Vision-Language Models for Hateful Meme Detection