Fine-tuning and Utilization Methods of Domain-specific LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent releases of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained considerable traction, yet research on fine-tuning and employing domain-specific LLMs remains scarce. This study investigates approaches for fine-tuning and leveraging domain-specific LLMs, highlighting trends in LLMs, foundational models, and methods for domain-specific pre-training. Focusing on the financial sector, it details dataset selection, preprocessing, model choice, and considerations crucial for LLM fine-tuning in finance. Addressing the unique characteristics of financial data, the study explores the construction of domain-specific vocabularies and considerations for security and regulatory compliance. In the practical application of LLM fine-tuning, the study outlines the procedure and implementation for generating domain-specific LLMs in finance. Various financial cases, including stock price prediction, sentiment analysis of financial news, automated document processing, research, information extraction, and customer service enhancement, are exemplified. The study explores the potential of LLMs in the financial domain, identifies limitations, and proposes directions for improvement, contributing valuable insights for future research. Ultimately, it advances natural language processing technology in business, suggesting proactive LLM utilization in financial services across industries.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Jan 2024.
Builds on
7 of 34 references.
References · 7
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
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- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
- 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 939
- 2022CodeGen: An Open Large Language Model for Code with Multi-Turn Program Synthesiscited by 885
- 2023A Study on the Implementation of Generative AI Services Using an Enterprise Data-Based LLM Application Architecturecited by 28
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 18; 2026: 6.
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- 2024Revolutionizing Finance with LLMs: An Overview of Applications and Insightscited by 90
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 90
- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Modelscited by 88
- 2024RuleArena: A Benchmark for Rule-Guided Reasoning with LLMs in Real-World Scenarioscited by 27
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- 2025Only a Little to the Left: A Theory-grounded Measure of Political Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 15
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- 2024Enhancing Supply Chain Visibility with Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2024GeoCode-GPT: A Large Language Model for Geospatial Code Generation Taskscited by 11
- 2025Domaino1s: Guiding LLM Reasoning for Explainable Answers in High-Stakes Domainscited by 11
- 2025A Lightweight Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent System for 2D Frame Structural Analysiscited by 9
- 2024Large Model Strategic Thinking, Small Model Efficiency: Transferring Theory of Mind in Large Language Modelscited by 7
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- 2025MARK: Memory Augmented Refinement of Knowledgecited by 3
- 2025Baba is LLM: Reasoning in a Game with Dynamic Rulescited by 2
- 2026EDCO: Dynamic Curriculum Orchestration for Domain-specific Large Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 2
- 2024ALKAFI-LLAMA3: Fine-Tuning LLMs for Precise Legal Understanding in Palestinecited by 1
- 2025Experiences with Content Development and Assessment Design in the Era of GenAIcited by 1
- 2025Fine-Tuning LLMs for Report Summarization: Analysis on Supervised and Unsupervised Datacited by 1
- 2025Predicting Human Choice Between Textually Described Lotteriescited by 1
- 2025Minifinetuning: Low-Data Generation Domain Adaptation through Corrective Self-Distillationcited by 1
- 2025Achieving Trustworthy Real-Time Decision Support Systems with Low-Latency Interpretable AI Modelscited by 1
- 2025A Survey: Towards Privacy and Security in Mobile Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025ASVRI-Legal: Fine-Tuning LLMs with Retrieval Augmented Generation for Enhanced Legal Regulationcited by 1
- 2024Jal Anveshak: Prediction of fishing zones using fine-tuned LlaMa 2cited by 0
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- 2026What Hard Tokens Reveal: Exploiting Low-confidence Tokens for Membership Inference Attacks against Large Language Modelscited by 0
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- 2026From Parameter Dynamics to Risk Scoring : Quantifying Sample-Level Safety Degradation in LLM Fine-tuningcited by 0
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- 2026Task-Level Natural Language Priors as Learning Signals for Low-Resource LLM Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Task-Level Natural Language Priors as Learning Signals for Low-Resource LLM Training2 Sep 2026
- 2026Training-Free Token-Level Steering for LLM Personalized Co-Writing6 Aug 2026
- 2026From Parameter Dynamics to Risk Scoring : Quantifying Sample-Level Safety Degradation in LLM Fine-tuning6 May 2026
- 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Model28 Apr 2026
- 2026What Hard Tokens Reveal: Exploiting Low-confidence Tokens for Membership Inference Attacks against Large Language Models27 Jan 2026
- 2026EDCO: Dynamic Curriculum Orchestration for Domain-specific Large Language Model Fine-tuning7 Jan 2026
- 2025ArtistMus: A Globally Diverse, Artist-Centric Benchmark for Retrieval-Augmented Music Question Answering5 Dec 2025
- 2025ASVRI-Legal: Fine-Tuning LLMs with Retrieval Augmented Generation for Enhanced Legal Regulation5 Nov 2025
- 2025Bayesian Network Fusion of Large Language Models for Sentiment Analysis30 Oct 2025
- 2025A Lightweight Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent System for 2D Frame Structural Analysis6 Oct 2025
- 2025Automated Item Neutralization for Non-Cognitive Scales: A Large Language Model Approach to Reducing Social-Desirability Bias9 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey: Towards Privacy and Security in Mobile Large Language Models2 Sep 2025
24 more
- 2025MUST-RAG: MUSical Text Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Generation31 Jul 2025
- 2025Achieving Trustworthy Real-Time Decision Support Systems with Low-Latency Interpretable AI Models24 Jun 2025
- 2025Baba is LLM: Reasoning in a Game with Dynamic Rules23 Jun 2025
- 2025Minifinetuning: Low-Data Generation Domain Adaptation through Corrective Self-Distillation30 May 2025
- 2025Benign Samples Matter! Fine-tuning On Outlier Benign Samples Severely Breaks Safety11 May 2025
- 2025MARK: Memory Augmented Refinement of Knowledge8 May 2025
- 2025Only a Little to the Left: A Theory-grounded Measure of Political Bias in Large Language Models20 Mar 2025
- 2025Predicting Human Choice Between Textually Described Lotteries18 Mar 2025
- 2025Fine-Tuning LLMs for Report Summarization: Analysis on Supervised and Unsupervised Data10 Mar 2025
- 2025Experiences with Content Development and Assessment Design in the Era of GenAI28 Feb 2025
- 2025Domaino1s: Guiding LLM Reasoning for Explainable Answers in High-Stakes Domains24 Jan 2025
- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models21 Jan 2025
- 2024ALKAFI-LLAMA3: Fine-Tuning LLMs for Precise Legal Understanding in Palestine19 Dec 2024
- 2024All-in-One Tuning and Structural Pruning for Domain-Specific LLMs19 Dec 2024
- 2024Do Language Models Understand Time?18 Dec 2024
- 2024RuleArena: A Benchmark for Rule-Guided Reasoning with LLMs in Real-World Scenarios12 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficient Learning Content Retrieval with Knowledge Injection28 Nov 2024
- 2024Education in the Era of Neurosymbolic AI16 Nov 2024
- 2024Jal Anveshak: Prediction of fishing zones using fine-tuned LlaMa 215 Nov 2024
- 2024GeoCode-GPT: A Large Language Model for Geospatial Code Generation Tasks22 Oct 2024
- 2024Enhancing Supply Chain Visibility with Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models5 Aug 2024
- 2024Large Model Strategic Thinking, Small Model Efficiency: Transferring Theory of Mind in Large Language Models5 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challenges15 Jun 2024
- 2024Revolutionizing Finance with LLMs: An Overview of Applications and Insights22 Jan 2024
- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Modelscited by 88
- 2025ASVRI-Legal: Fine-Tuning LLMs with Retrieval Augmented Generation for Enhanced Legal Regulationcited by 1
- 2024Efficient Learning Content Retrieval with Knowledge Injectioncited by 0
- 2025MUST-RAG: MUSical Text Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 0
- 2025ArtistMus: A Globally Diverse, Artist-Centric Benchmark for Retrieval-Augmented Music Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2025ArtistMus: A Globally Diverse, Artist-Centric Benchmark for Retrieval-Augmented Music Question Answering5 Dec 2025
- 2025ASVRI-Legal: Fine-Tuning LLMs with Retrieval Augmented Generation for Enhanced Legal Regulation5 Nov 2025
- 2025MUST-RAG: MUSical Text Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Generation31 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models21 Jan 2025
- 2024Efficient Learning Content Retrieval with Knowledge Injection28 Nov 2024
- 2024RuleArena: A Benchmark for Rule-Guided Reasoning with LLMs in Real-World Scenarioscited by 27
- 2025Domaino1s: Guiding LLM Reasoning for Explainable Answers in High-Stakes Domainscited by 11
- 2024Large Model Strategic Thinking, Small Model Efficiency: Transferring Theory of Mind in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025Baba is LLM: Reasoning in a Game with Dynamic Rulescited by 2
- 2025Baba is LLM: Reasoning in a Game with Dynamic Rules23 Jun 2025
- 2025Domaino1s: Guiding LLM Reasoning for Explainable Answers in High-Stakes Domains24 Jan 2025
- 2024RuleArena: A Benchmark for Rule-Guided Reasoning with LLMs in Real-World Scenarios12 Dec 2024
- 2024Large Model Strategic Thinking, Small Model Efficiency: Transferring Theory of Mind in Large Language Models5 Aug 2024
- 2024Revolutionizing Finance with LLMs: An Overview of Applications and Insightscited by 90
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 90
- 2025Only a Little to the Left: A Theory-grounded Measure of Political Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Do Language Models Understand Time?cited by 14
- 2024Enhancing Supply Chain Visibility with Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2024GeoCode-GPT: A Large Language Model for Geospatial Code Generation Taskscited by 11
- 2024Education in the Era of Neurosymbolic AIcited by 4
- 2024All-in-One Tuning and Structural Pruning for Domain-Specific LLMscited by 4
- 2025MARK: Memory Augmented Refinement of Knowledgecited by 3
- 2026EDCO: Dynamic Curriculum Orchestration for Domain-specific Large Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 2
- 2024ALKAFI-LLAMA3: Fine-Tuning LLMs for Precise Legal Understanding in Palestinecited by 1
- 2025Experiences with Content Development and Assessment Design in the Era of GenAIcited by 1
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Task-Level Natural Language Priors as Learning Signals for Low-Resource LLM Training2 Sep 2026
- 2026Training-Free Token-Level Steering for LLM Personalized Co-Writing6 Aug 2026
- 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Model28 Apr 2026
- 2026EDCO: Dynamic Curriculum Orchestration for Domain-specific Large Language Model Fine-tuning7 Jan 2026
- 2025Bayesian Network Fusion of Large Language Models for Sentiment Analysis30 Oct 2025
- 2025Automated Item Neutralization for Non-Cognitive Scales: A Large Language Model Approach to Reducing Social-Desirability Bias9 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey: Towards Privacy and Security in Mobile Large Language Models2 Sep 2025
- 2025Achieving Trustworthy Real-Time Decision Support Systems with Low-Latency Interpretable AI Models24 Jun 2025
- 2025MARK: Memory Augmented Refinement of Knowledge8 May 2025
- 2025Only a Little to the Left: A Theory-grounded Measure of Political Bias in Large Language Models20 Mar 2025
- 2025Predicting Human Choice Between Textually Described Lotteries18 Mar 2025
- 2025Fine-Tuning LLMs for Report Summarization: Analysis on Supervised and Unsupervised Data10 Mar 2025
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)