mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PFLlib: A Beginner-Friendly and Comprehensive Personalized Federated Learning Library and Benchmark

arXiv 2312.04992 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2023cs.LG cs.DCcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Amid the ongoing advancements in Federated Learning (FL), a machine learning paradigm that allows collaborative learning with data privacy protection, personalized FL (pFL)has gained significant prominence as a research direction within the FL domain. Whereas traditional FL (tFL) focuses on jointly learning a global model, pFL aims to balance each client's global and personalized goals in FL settings. To foster the pFL research community, we started and built PFLlib, a comprehensive pFL library with an integrated benchmark platform. In PFLlib, we implemented 37 state-of-the-art FL algorithms (8 tFL algorithms and 29 pFL algorithms) and provided various evaluation environments with three statistically heterogeneous scenarios and 24 datasets. At present, PFLlib has gained more than 1600 stars and 300 forks on GitHub.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2023.

Builds on

43 of 60 references.

References · 43

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,669
  3. 2017Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 4,349
  4. 2018Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networkscited by 2,987
  5. 2015Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classificationcited by 2,330
  6. 2020WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shiftscited by 1,375
  7. 2019Deep Leakage from Gradientscited by 1,021
  8. 2018LEAF: A Benchmark for Federated Settingscited by 792
  9. 2021Model-Contrastive Federated Learningcited by 766
  10. 2020Ditto: Fair and Robust Federated Learning Through Personalizationcited by 672
  11. 2020Personalized Federated Learning with Moreau Envelopescited by 618
  12. 2021FedBN: Federated Learning on Non-IID Features via Local Batch Normalizationcited by 571
31 more
  1. 2021Federated Learning on Non-IID Data Silos: An Experimental Studycited by 568
  2. 2021Federated Learning Based on Dynamic Regularizationcited by 562
  3. 2019Federated Learning with Personalization Layerscited by 541
  4. 2021Exploiting Shared Representations for Personalized Federated Learningcited by 541
  5. 2021Towards Personalized Federated Learningcited by 464
  6. 2020Flower: A Friendly Federated Learning Research Frameworkcited by 455
  7. 2021Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 383
  8. 2017A Downsampled Variant of ImageNet as an Alternative to the CIFAR datasetscited by 377
  9. 2020Adaptive Personalized Federated Learningcited by 358
  10. 2021FedProto: Federated Prototype Learning across Heterogeneous Clientscited by 352
  11. 2020Think Locally, Act Globally: Federated Learning with Local and Global Representationscited by 325
  12. 2020FedML: A Research Library and Benchmark for Federated Machine Learningcited by 300
  13. 2020Personalized Cross-Silo Federated Learning on Non-IID Datacited by 283
  14. 2020Personalized Federated Learning with First Order Model Optimizationcited by 201
  15. 2022Federated Learning from Pre-Trained Models: A Contrastive Learning Approachcited by 142
  16. 2022FedALA: Adaptive Local Aggregation for Personalized Federated Learningcited by 122
  17. 2022Federated Learning with Label Distribution Skew via Logits Calibrationcited by 109
  18. 2023Stochastic Controlled Averaging for Federated Learning with Communication Compressioncited by 101
  19. 2021Preservation of the Global Knowledge by Not-True Distillation in Federated Learningcited by 87
  20. 2020Federated Mutual Learningcited by 71
  21. 2023FedGH: Heterogeneous Federated Learning with Generalized Global Headercited by 56
  22. 2021Adapt to Adaptation: Learning Personalization for Cross-Silo Federated Learningcited by 53
  23. 2022FederatedScope: A Flexible Federated Learning Platform for Heterogeneitycited by 53
  24. 2021FedCG: Leverage Conditional GAN for Protecting Privacy and Maintaining Competitive Performance in Federated Learningcited by 39
  25. 2023Eliminating Domain Bias for Federated Learning in Representation Spacecited by 38
  26. 2023FedCP: Separating Feature Information for Personalized Federated Learning via Conditional Policycited by 36
  27. 2020The OARF Benchmark Suite: Characterization and Implications for Federated Learning Systemscited by 31
  28. 2022Motley: Benchmarking Heterogeneity and Personalization in Federated Learningcited by 31
  29. 2021Federated Learning for Face Recognition with Gradient Correctioncited by 24
  30. 2023Bold but Cautious: Unlocking the Potential of Personalized Federated Learning through Cautiously Aggressive Collaborationcited by 23
  31. 2020FedEval: A Holistic Evaluation Framework for Federated Learningcited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.

17 papers.

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  1. 2025HtFLlib: A Comprehensive Heterogeneous Federated Learning Library and Benchmarkcited by 7
  2. 2024Enhancing Federated Domain Adaptation with Multi-Domain Prototype-Based Federated Fine-Tuningcited by 6
  3. 2024A Comparative Study of Sampling Methods with Cross-Validation in the FedHome Frameworkcited by 4
  4. 2026Few-for-Many Personalized Federated Learningcited by 2
  5. 2025Improving Generalization in Heterogeneous Federated Continual Learning via Spatio-Temporal Gradient Matching with Prototypical Coresetcited by 1
  6. 2025FedRE: A Representation Entanglement Framework for Model-Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 1
  7. 2025Federated Learning in Offline and Online EMG Decoding: A Privacy and Performance Perspectivecited by 0
  8. 2025A Scenario-Oriented Survey of Federated Recommender Systems: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 0
  9. 2025FedL2T: Personalized Federated Learning with Two-Teacher Distillation for Seizure Predictioncited by 0
  10. 2025Local Performance vs. Out-of-Distribution Generalization: An Empirical Analysis of Personalized Federated Learning in Heterogeneous Data Environmentscited by 0
  11. 2026SDFed: Bridging Local Global Discrepancy via Subspace Refinement and Divergence Control in Federated Prompt Learningcited by 0
  12. 2026HiLoRA: Hierarchical Low-Rank Adaptation for Personalized Federated Learningcited by 0
5 more
  1. 2026Federated Distillation for Whole Slide Image via Gaussian-Mixture Feature Alignment and Curriculum Integrationcited by 0
  2. 2026Silent Failures in Federated Personalization of Foundation Modelscited by 0
  3. 2026Collaborative Synthetic Data Generation for Knowledge Transfer in Federated Learningcited by 0
  4. 2026FBID: Adaptive Personalized Federated Learning for Robust Out-of-Distribution Attack Detection in IoT Networkscited by 0
  5. 2026FedLoRD: Personalized Federated Learning based on Low-Rank Structures of Model Parameter Differencescited by 0