mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Legal Question-Answering in the Indian Context: Efficacy, Challenges, and Potential of Modern AI Models

arXiv 2309.14735 ↗First posted 26 Sep 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 10

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Legal QA platforms bear the promise to metamorphose the manner in which legal experts engage with jurisprudential documents. In this exposition, we embark on a comparative exploration of contemporary AI frameworks, gauging their adeptness in catering to the unique demands of the Indian legal milieu, with a keen emphasis on Indian Legal Question Answering (AILQA). Our discourse zeroes in on an array of retrieval and QA mechanisms, positioning the OpenAI GPT model as a reference point. The findings underscore the proficiency of prevailing AILQA paradigms in decoding natural language prompts and churning out precise responses. The ambit of this study is tethered to the Indian criminal legal landscape, distinguished by its intricate nature and associated logistical constraints. To ensure a holistic evaluation, we juxtapose empirical metrics with insights garnered from seasoned legal practitioners, thereby painting a comprehensive picture of AI's potential and challenges within the realm of Indian legal QA.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2023.

Builds on

13 of 24 references.

References · 13

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  3. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
  4. 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,362
  5. 2018QuAC : Question Answering in Contextcited by 379
  6. 2015Towards AI-Complete Question Answering: A Set of Prerequisite Toy Taskscited by 309
  7. 2019Multi-passage BERT: A Globally Normalized BERT Model for Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 96
  8. 2019BERT with History Answer Embedding for Conversational Question Answeringcited by 67
  9. 2019Question Answering for Privacy Policies: Combining Computational and Legal Perspectivescited by 65
  10. 2020BERT-kNN: Adding a kNN Search Component to Pretrained Language Models for Better QAcited by 36
  11. 2021A Survey on Legal Question Answering Systemscited by 10
  12. 2022Expert Finding in Legal Community Question Answeringcited by 5
1 more
  1. 2021Evaluating Pretrained Transformer Models for Entity Linking in Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.

10 papers.

  1. 2024Rethinking Legal Judgement Prediction in a Realistic Scenario in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 10
  2. 2025LegalSeg: Unlocking the Structure of Indian Legal Judgments Through Rhetorical Role Classificationcited by 8
  3. 2025NyayaRAG: Realistic Legal Judgment Prediction with RAG under the Indian Common Law Systemcited by 5
  4. 2024NyayaAnumana & INLegalLlama: The Largest Indian Legal Judgment Prediction Dataset and Specialized Language Model for Enhanced Decision Analysiscited by 4
  5. 2026From Query to Counsel: Structured Reasoning with a Multi-Agent Framework and Dataset for Legal Consultationcited by 3
  6. 2025Assessing the Reliability of Large Language Models in the Bengali Legal Context: A Comparative Evaluation Using LLM-as-Judge and Legal Expertscited by 2
  7. 2025TathyaNyaya and FactLegalLlama: Advancing Factual Judgment Prediction and Explanation in the Indian Legal Contextcited by 1
  8. 2026Long-Context Long-Form Question Answering for Legal Domaincited by 1
  9. 2025Structured Legal Document Generation in India: A Model-Agnostic Wrapper Approach with VidhikDastaavejcited by 0
  10. 2026Rhetorical-Role-Aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Legal Question Answering over Indian Supreme Court Judgmentscited by 0