CoT-BERT: Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Representation through Chain-of-Thought
On the map: LLM reasoning → Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Unsupervised sentence representation learning aims to transform input sentences into fixed-length vectors enriched with intricate semantic information while obviating the reliance on labeled data. Recent strides within this domain have been significantly propelled by breakthroughs in contrastive learning and prompt engineering. Despite these advancements, the field has reached a plateau, leading some researchers to incorporate external components to enhance the quality of sentence embeddings. Such integration, though beneficial, complicates solutions and inflates demands for computational resources. In response to these challenges, this paper presents CoT-BERT, an innovative method that harnesses the progressive thinking of Chain-of-Thought reasoning to tap into the latent potential of pre-trained models like BERT. Additionally, we develop an advanced contrastive learning loss function and propose a novel template denoising strategy. Rigorous experimentation demonstrates that CoT-BERT surpasses a range of well-established baselines by relying exclusively on the intrinsic strengths of pre-trained models.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2023.
Builds on
25 of 37 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 24
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,777
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
- 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,173
- 2017SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluationcited by 1,001
- 2018SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representationscited by 294
- 2021ConSERT: A Contrastive Framework for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Transfercited by 231
- 2021Whitening Sentence Representations for Better Semantics and Faster Retrievalcited by 202
12 more
- 2022DiffCSE: Difference-based Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddingscited by 132
- 2020An Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Method by Mutual Information Maximizationcited by 91
- 2022PromptBERT: Improving BERT Sentence Embeddings with Promptscited by 75
- 2021ESimCSE: Enhanced Sample Building Method for Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingcited by 74
- 2022Debiased Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Representationscited by 56
- 2022SNCSE: Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding with Soft Negative Samplescited by 39
- 2022Improved Universal Sentence Embeddings with Prompt-based Contrastive Learning and Energy-based Learningcited by 30
- 2022PCL: Peer-Contrastive Learning with Diverse Augmentations for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingscited by 29
- 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rankcited by 23
- 2023Alleviating Over-smoothing for Unsupervised Sentence Representationcited by 16
- 2022Ranking-Enhanced Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learningcited by 15
- 2022Contrastive Learning with Prompt-derived Virtual Semantic Prototypes for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingcited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 4.
8 papers.
- 2023Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Futurecited by 184
- 2024Simple Techniques for Enhancing Sentence Embeddings in Generative Language Modelscited by 26
- 2024Advancing Semantic Textual Similarity Modeling: A Regression Framework with Translated ReLU and Smooth K2 Losscited by 5
- 2024Pcc-tuning: Breaking the Contrastive Learning Ceiling in Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 5
- 2025CSE-SFP: Enabling Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learning via a Single Forward Passcited by 3
- 2025CoDiEmb: A Collaborative yet Distinct Framework for Unified Representation Learning in Information Retrieval and Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 2
- 2025PublicAgent: Multi-Agent Design Principles From an LLM-Based Open Data Analysis Frameworkcited by 2
- 2025PoLi-RL: A Point-to-List Reinforcement Learning Framework for Conditional Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 1
- 2025PublicAgent: Multi-Agent Design Principles From an LLM-Based Open Data Analysis Framework4 Nov 2025
- 2025PoLi-RL: A Point-to-List Reinforcement Learning Framework for Conditional Semantic Textual Similarity5 Oct 2025
- 2025CoDiEmb: A Collaborative yet Distinct Framework for Unified Representation Learning in Information Retrieval and Semantic Textual Similarity15 Aug 2025
- 2025CSE-SFP: Enabling Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learning via a Single Forward Pass1 May 2025
- 2024Pcc-tuning: Breaking the Contrastive Learning Ceiling in Semantic Textual Similarity14 Jun 2024
- 2024Advancing Semantic Textual Similarity Modeling: A Regression Framework with Translated ReLU and Smooth K2 Loss8 Jun 2024
- 2024Simple Techniques for Enhancing Sentence Embeddings in Generative Language Models5 Apr 2024
- 2023Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Future27 Sep 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Extracting Sentence Embeddings from Pretrained Transformer Models
- 2024Expediting and Elevating Large Language Model Reasoning via Hidden Chain-of-Thought Decoding
- 2025CoT Vectors: Transferring and Probing the Reasoning Mechanisms of LLMs
- 2021Trans-Encoder: Unsupervised sentence-pair modelling through self- and mutual-distillations
- 2026Pretraining with Token-Level Adaptive Latent Chain-of-Thought
- 2025Eliciting Chain-of-Thought in Base LLMs via Gradient-Based Representation Optimization
- 2024Training Nonlinear Transformers for Chain-of-Thought Inference: A Theoretical Generalization Analysis
- 2025SemCoT: Accelerating Chain-of-Thought Reasoning through Semantically-Aligned Implicit Tokens