mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CoT-BERT: Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Representation through Chain-of-Thought

arXiv 2309.11143 ↗First posted 20 Sep 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 8

On the map: LLM reasoning → Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Unsupervised sentence representation learning aims to transform input sentences into fixed-length vectors enriched with intricate semantic information while obviating the reliance on labeled data. Recent strides within this domain have been significantly propelled by breakthroughs in contrastive learning and prompt engineering. Despite these advancements, the field has reached a plateau, leading some researchers to incorporate external components to enhance the quality of sentence embeddings. Such integration, though beneficial, complicates solutions and inflates demands for computational resources. In response to these challenges, this paper presents CoT-BERT, an innovative method that harnesses the progressive thinking of Chain-of-Thought reasoning to tap into the latent potential of pre-trained models like BERT. Additionally, we develop an advanced contrastive learning loss function and propose a novel template denoising strategy. Rigorous experimentation demonstrates that CoT-BERT surpasses a range of well-established baselines by relying exclusively on the intrinsic strengths of pre-trained models.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2023.

Builds on

25 of 37 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models28 Jan

Other references · 24

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  4. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  5. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,777
  6. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
  7. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
  8. 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,173
  9. 2017SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluationcited by 1,001
  10. 2018SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representationscited by 294
  11. 2021ConSERT: A Contrastive Framework for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Transfercited by 231
  12. 2021Whitening Sentence Representations for Better Semantics and Faster Retrievalcited by 202
12 more
  1. 2022DiffCSE: Difference-based Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddingscited by 132
  2. 2020An Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Method by Mutual Information Maximizationcited by 91
  3. 2022PromptBERT: Improving BERT Sentence Embeddings with Promptscited by 75
  4. 2021ESimCSE: Enhanced Sample Building Method for Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingcited by 74
  5. 2022Debiased Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Representationscited by 56
  6. 2022SNCSE: Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding with Soft Negative Samplescited by 39
  7. 2022Improved Universal Sentence Embeddings with Prompt-based Contrastive Learning and Energy-based Learningcited by 30
  8. 2022PCL: Peer-Contrastive Learning with Diverse Augmentations for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingscited by 29
  9. 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rankcited by 23
  10. 2023Alleviating Over-smoothing for Unsupervised Sentence Representationcited by 16
  11. 2022Ranking-Enhanced Unsupervised Sentence Representation Learningcited by 15
  12. 2022Contrastive Learning with Prompt-derived Virtual Semantic Prototypes for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingcited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 4.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Extracting Sentence Embeddings from Pretrained Transformer Models
  2. 2024Expediting and Elevating Large Language Model Reasoning via Hidden Chain-of-Thought Decoding
  3. 2025CoT Vectors: Transferring and Probing the Reasoning Mechanisms of LLMs
  4. 2021Trans-Encoder: Unsupervised sentence-pair modelling through self- and mutual-distillations
  5. 2026Pretraining with Token-Level Adaptive Latent Chain-of-Thought
  6. 2025Eliciting Chain-of-Thought in Base LLMs via Gradient-Based Representation Optimization
  7. 2024Training Nonlinear Transformers for Chain-of-Thought Inference: A Theoretical Generalization Analysis
  8. 2025SemCoT: Accelerating Chain-of-Thought Reasoning through Semantically-Aligned Implicit Tokens