PCL: Peer-Contrastive Learning with Diverse Augmentations for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning sentence embeddings in an unsupervised manner is fundamental in natural language processing. Recent common practice is to couple pre-trained language models with unsupervised contrastive learning, whose success relies on augmenting a sentence with a semantically-close positive instance to construct contrastive pairs. Nonetheless, existing approaches usually depend on a mono-augmenting strategy, which causes learning shortcuts towards the augmenting biases and thus corrupts the quality of sentence embeddings. A straightforward solution is resorting to more diverse positives from a multi-augmenting strategy, while an open question remains about how to unsupervisedly learn from the diverse positives but with uneven augmenting qualities in the text field. As one answer, we propose a novel Peer-Contrastive Learning (PCL) with diverse augmentations. PCL constructs diverse contrastive positives and negatives at the group level for unsupervised sentence embeddings. PCL performs peer-positive contrast as well as peer-network cooperation, which offers an inherent anti-bias ability and an effective way to learn from diverse augmentations. Experiments on STS benchmarks verify the effectiveness of PCL against its competitors in unsupervised sentence embeddings.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jan 2022.
Builds on
41 of 67 references.
References · 41
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- 2019EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Taskscited by 800
- 2017Deep Mutual Learningcited by 621
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 10; 2024: 10; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings from Scratch24 May 2023
- 2023SimCSE++: Improving Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings from Two Perspectives22 May 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyond22 May 2023
- 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddings9 Nov 2022
- 2024Word Alignment as Preference for Machine Translationcited by 14
- 2024Word Alignment as Preference for Machine Translation15 May 2024
- 2026Bootstrapping Embeddings for Low Resource Languagescited by 0
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- 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rankcited by 23
- 2023SimCSE++: Improving Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings from Two Perspectivescited by 15
- 2024Meta-Task Prompting Elicits Embeddings from Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2023Composition-contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddingscited by 14
- 2024Enhancing Cross-lingual Sentence Embedding for Low-resource Languages with Word Alignmentcited by 13
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyondcited by 11
- 2023WSPAlign: Word Alignment Pre-training via Large-Scale Weakly Supervised Span Predictioncited by 10
- 2023Leveraging Multi-lingual Positive Instances in Contrastive Learning to Improve Sentence Embeddingcited by 9
- 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddingscited by 7
- 2024Enhancing Idiomatic Representation in Multiple Languages via an Adaptive Contrastive Triplet Losscited by 7
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
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- 2025Joint Fusion and Encoding: Advancing Multimodal Retrieval from the Ground Up27 Feb 2025
- 2025Refining Sentence Embedding Model through Ranking Sentences Generation with Large Language Models19 Feb 2025
- 2024Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings via Knowledge-Driven Data Augmentation and Gaussian-Decayed Contrastive Learning19 Sep 2024
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- 2024Enhancing Cross-lingual Sentence Embedding for Low-resource Languages with Word Alignment3 Apr 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)