mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PCL: Peer-Contrastive Learning with Diverse Augmentations for Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings

arXiv 2201.12093 ↗First posted 28 Jan 2022cs.CLcited by 29

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Learning sentence embeddings in an unsupervised manner is fundamental in natural language processing. Recent common practice is to couple pre-trained language models with unsupervised contrastive learning, whose success relies on augmenting a sentence with a semantically-close positive instance to construct contrastive pairs. Nonetheless, existing approaches usually depend on a mono-augmenting strategy, which causes learning shortcuts towards the augmenting biases and thus corrupts the quality of sentence embeddings. A straightforward solution is resorting to more diverse positives from a multi-augmenting strategy, while an open question remains about how to unsupervisedly learn from the diverse positives but with uneven augmenting qualities in the text field. As one answer, we propose a novel Peer-Contrastive Learning (PCL) with diverse augmentations. PCL constructs diverse contrastive positives and negatives at the group level for unsupervised sentence embeddings. PCL performs peer-positive contrast as well as peer-network cooperation, which offers an inherent anti-bias ability and an effective way to learn from diverse augmentations. Experiments on STS benchmarks verify the effectiveness of PCL against its competitors in unsupervised sentence embeddings.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jan 2022.

Builds on

41 of 67 references.

References · 41

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  5. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  6. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
  7. 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,168
  8. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  9. 2021Barlow Twins: Self-Supervised Learning via Redundancy Reductioncited by 1,818
  10. 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
  11. 2019Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency Trainingcited by 1,057
  12. 2018Co-teaching: Robust Training of Deep Neural Networks with Extremely Noisy Labelscited by 1,053
29 more
  1. 2017SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluationcited by 998
  2. 2019Adversarial Examples Are Not Bugs, They Are Featurescited by 950
  3. 2019EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Taskscited by 800
  4. 2017Deep Mutual Learningcited by 621
  5. 2020A Survey on Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 553
  6. 2021Sentence-T5: Scalable Sentence Encoders from Pre-trained Text-to-Text Modelscited by 462
  7. 2019How does Disagreement Help Generalization against Label Corruption?cited by 390
  8. 2015Skip-Thought Vectorscited by 321
  9. 2018SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representationscited by 294
  10. 2020Combating noisy labels by agreement: A joint training method with co-regularizationcited by 289
  11. 2020DeCLUTR: Deep Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Textual Representationscited by 249
  12. 2021ConSERT: A Contrastive Framework for Self-Supervised Sentence Representation Transfercited by 231
  13. 2017Decoupling "when to update" from "how to update"cited by 230
  14. 2020What Should Not Be Contrastive in Contrastive Learningcited by 224
  15. 2021Whitening Sentence Representations for Better Semantics and Faster Retrievalcited by 198
  16. 2018An efficient framework for learning sentence representationscited by 197
  17. 2020CLEAR: Contrastive Learning for Sentence Representationcited by 186
  18. 2021TSDAE: Using Transformer-based Sequential Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Learningcited by 116
  19. 2021Self-Guided Contrastive Learning for BERT Sentence Representationscited by 103
  20. 2020An Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Method by Mutual Information Maximizationcited by 91
  21. 2016Learning Distributed Representations of Sentences from Unlabelled Datacited by 90
  22. 2021Fast, Effective, and Self-Supervised: Transforming Masked Language Models into Universal Lexical and Sentence Encoderscited by 88
  23. 2021Towards Interpreting and Mitigating Shortcut Learning Behavior of NLU Modelscited by 78
  24. 2021ESimCSE: Enhanced Sample Building Method for Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Embeddingcited by 73
  25. 2017On Sampling Strategies for Neural Network-based Collaborative Filteringcited by 71
  26. 2021Mutual Contrastive Learning for Visual Representation Learningcited by 42
  27. 2018Text Data Augmentation Made Simple By Leveraging NLP Cloud APIscited by 40
  28. 2021Trans-Encoder: Unsupervised sentence-pair modelling through self- and mutual-distillationscited by 20
  29. 2021Improving BERT Model Using Contrastive Learning for Biomedical Relation Extractioncited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 10; 2024: 10; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.

29 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Evaluating Memory in LLM Agents via Incremental Multi-Turn Interactionscited by 236
  2. 2023Scaling Sentence Embeddings with Large Language Modelscited by 83
  3. 2023Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings from Scratchcited by 24
  4. 2023RankCSE: Unsupervised Sentence Representations Learning via Learning to Rankcited by 23
  5. 2023SimCSE++: Improving Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings from Two Perspectivescited by 15
  6. 2024Meta-Task Prompting Elicits Embeddings from Large Language Modelscited by 15
  7. 2023Composition-contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddingscited by 14
  8. 2024Word Alignment as Preference for Machine Translationcited by 14
  9. 2024Enhancing Cross-lingual Sentence Embedding for Low-resource Languages with Word Alignmentcited by 13
  10. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyondcited by 11
  11. 2023WSPAlign: Word Alignment Pre-training via Large-Scale Weakly Supervised Span Predictioncited by 10
  12. 2023Leveraging Multi-lingual Positive Instances in Contrastive Learning to Improve Sentence Embeddingcited by 9
17 more
  1. 2023CoT-BERT: Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Representation through Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 8
  2. 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddingscited by 7
  3. 2024Enhancing Idiomatic Representation in Multiple Languages via an Adaptive Contrastive Triplet Losscited by 7
  4. 2024Extracting Sentence Embeddings from Pretrained Transformer Modelscited by 7
  5. 2025Joint Fusion and Encoding: Advancing Multimodal Retrieval from the Ground Upcited by 6
  6. 2023DistillCSE: Distilled Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddingscited by 4
  7. 2024Enhancing Unsupervised Sentence Embeddings via Knowledge-Driven Data Augmentation and Gaussian-Decayed Contrastive Learningcited by 4
  8. 2024TransliCo: A Contrastive Learning Framework to Address the Script Barrier in Multilingual Pretrained Language Modelscited by 3
  9. 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Surveycited by 3
  10. 2025Refining Sentence Embedding Model through Ranking Sentences Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 2
  11. 2025DALR: Dual-level Alignment Learning for Multimodal Sentence Representation Learningcited by 2
  12. 2025MCA: Modality Composition Awareness for Robust Composed Multimodal Retrievalcited by 2
  13. 2024A Note on Bias to Completecited by 1
  14. 2024Unveiling Key Aspects of Fine-Tuning in Sentence Embeddings: A Representation Rank Analysiscited by 0
  15. 2024reCSE: Portable Reshaping Features for Sentence Embedding in Self-supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 0
  16. 2025Text2Token: Unsupervised Text Representation Learning with Token Target Predictioncited by 0
  17. 2026Bootstrapping Embeddings for Low Resource Languagescited by 0