Beyond Static Datasets: A Deep Interaction Approach to LLM Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have made progress in various real-world tasks, which stimulates requirements for the evaluation of LLMs. Existing LLM evaluation methods are mainly supervised signal-based which depends on static datasets and cannot evaluate the ability of LLMs in dynamic real-world scenarios where deep interaction widely exists. Other LLM evaluation methods are human-based which are costly and time-consuming and are incapable of large-scale evaluation of LLMs. To address the issues above, we propose a novel Deep Interaction-based LLM-evaluation framework. In our proposed framework, LLMs' performances in real-world domains can be evaluated from their deep interaction with other LLMs in elaborately designed evaluation tasks. Furthermore, our proposed framework is a general evaluation method that can be applied to a host of real-world tasks such as machine translation and code generation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method through extensive experiments on four elaborately designed evaluation tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2023.
Builds on
22 of 35 references.
References · 22
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,509
- 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,227
- 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 879
- 2023AlpacaFarm: A Simulation Framework for Methods that Learn from Human Feedbackcited by 738
- 2023PandaLM: An Automatic Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Instruction Tuning Optimizationcited by 311
- 2023Mathematical Capabilities of ChatGPTcited by 263
- 2023PromptRobust: Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Large Language Models on Adversarial Promptscited by 218
- 2023Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 179
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- 2022Synchromesh: Reliable code generation from pre-trained language modelscited by 156
- 2021Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages: A Surveycited by 108
- 2023Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Modelscited by 90
- 2022Natural Language to Code Generation in Interactive Data Science Notebookscited by 86
- 2023Testing the General Deductive Reasoning Capacity of Large Language Models Using OOD Examplescited by 84
- 2023Position: AI Evaluation Should Learn from How We Test Humanscited by 36
- 2023GameEval: Evaluating LLMs on Conversational Gamescited by 35
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- 2021Well-Founded Extensive Games with Perfect Informationcited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 6; 2026: 6.
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- 2024How Far Are We on the Decision-Making of LLMs? Evaluating LLMs' Gaming Ability in Multi-Agent Environmentscited by 66
- 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluationcited by 38
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarioscited by 23
- 2024TMGBench: A Systematic Game Benchmark for Evaluating Strategic Reasoning Abilities of LLMscited by 21
- 2024Efficacy of Language Model Self-Play in Non-Zero-Sum Gamescited by 14
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
- 2024PertEval: Unveiling Real Knowledge Capacity of LLMs with Knowledge-Invariant Perturbationscited by 13
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 11
- 2024Towards Personalized Evaluation of Large Language Models with An Anonymous Crowd-Sourcing Platformcited by 10
- 2025WebDevJudge: Evaluating (M)LLMs as Critiques for Web Development Qualitycited by 10
- 2024clembench-2024: A Challenging, Dynamic, Complementary, Multilingual Benchmark and Underlying Flexible Framework for LLMs as Multi-Action Agentscited by 8
- 2025AgentAda: Skill-Adaptive Data Analytics for Tailored Insight Discoverycited by 6
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- 2026Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Sciencecited by 3
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- 2025Playpen: An Environment for Exploring Learning Through Conversational Interactioncited by 2
- 2026Automated Safety Benchmarking: A Multi-agent Pipeline for LVLMscited by 1
- 2024How Many Parameters Does it Take to Change a Light Bulb? Evaluating Performance in Self-Play of Conversational Games as a Function of Model Characteristicscited by 0
- 2024AI Predicts AGI: Leveraging AGI Forecasting and Peer Review to Explore LLMs' Complex Reasoning Capabilitiescited by 0
- 2025Make a Video Call with LLM: A Measurement Campaign over Six Mainstream Appscited by 0
- 2026From Performance to Purpose: A Sociotechnical Taxonomy for Evaluating Large Language Model Utilitycited by 0
- 2026A2RBench: An Automatic Paradigm for Formally Verifiable Abstract Reasoning Benchmark Generationcited by 0
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarkingcited by 0
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialoguescited by 0
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialogues15 Jul 2026
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarking19 May 2026
- 2026Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Science18 May 2026
- 2026A2RBench: An Automatic Paradigm for Formally Verifiable Abstract Reasoning Benchmark Generation17 May 2026
- 2026From Performance to Purpose: A Sociotechnical Taxonomy for Evaluating Large Language Model Utility24 Feb 2026
- 2026Automated Safety Benchmarking: A Multi-agent Pipeline for LVLMs27 Jan 2026
- 2025WebDevJudge: Evaluating (M)LLMs as Critiques for Web Development Quality21 Oct 2025
- 2025Make a Video Call with LLM: A Measurement Campaign over Six Mainstream Apps1 Oct 2025
- 2025AutoEvoEval: An Automated Framework for Evolving Close-Ended LLM Evaluation Data30 Jun 2025
- 2025Playpen: An Environment for Exploring Learning Through Conversational Interaction11 Apr 2025
- 2025AgentAda: Skill-Adaptive Data Analytics for Tailored Insight Discovery10 Apr 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluation23 Feb 2025
12 more
- 2024AI Predicts AGI: Leveraging AGI Forecasting and Peer Review to Explore LLMs' Complex Reasoning Capabilities12 Dec 2024
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarios5 Dec 2024
- 2024TMGBench: A Systematic Game Benchmark for Evaluating Strategic Reasoning Abilities of LLMs14 Oct 2024
- 2024Are Large Language Models Strategic Decision Makers? A Study of Performance and Bias in Two-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games5 Jul 2024
- 2024Efficacy of Language Model Self-Play in Non-Zero-Sum Games27 Jun 2024
- 2024How Many Parameters Does it Take to Change a Light Bulb? Evaluating Performance in Self-Play of Conversational Games as a Function of Model Characteristics20 Jun 2024
- 2024clembench-2024: A Challenging, Dynamic, Complementary, Multilingual Benchmark and Underlying Flexible Framework for LLMs as Multi-Action Agents31 May 2024
- 2024PertEval: Unveiling Real Knowledge Capacity of LLMs with Knowledge-Invariant Perturbations30 May 2024
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI14 May 2024
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI25 Apr 2024
- 2024How Far Are We on the Decision-Making of LLMs? Evaluating LLMs' Gaming Ability in Multi-Agent Environments18 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Personalized Evaluation of Large Language Models with An Anonymous Crowd-Sourcing Platform13 Mar 2024
- 2024How Far Are We on the Decision-Making of LLMs? Evaluating LLMs' Gaming Ability in Multi-Agent Environmentscited by 66
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarioscited by 23
- 2024clembench-2024: A Challenging, Dynamic, Complementary, Multilingual Benchmark and Underlying Flexible Framework for LLMs as Multi-Action Agentscited by 8
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarios5 Dec 2024
- 2024clembench-2024: A Challenging, Dynamic, Complementary, Multilingual Benchmark and Underlying Flexible Framework for LLMs as Multi-Action Agents31 May 2024
- 2024How Far Are We on the Decision-Making of LLMs? Evaluating LLMs' Gaming Ability in Multi-Agent Environments18 Mar 2024
- 2024TMGBench: A Systematic Game Benchmark for Evaluating Strategic Reasoning Abilities of LLMscited by 21
- 2024AI Predicts AGI: Leveraging AGI Forecasting and Peer Review to Explore LLMs' Complex Reasoning Capabilitiescited by 0
- 2026A2RBench: An Automatic Paradigm for Formally Verifiable Abstract Reasoning Benchmark Generationcited by 0
- 2026A2RBench: An Automatic Paradigm for Formally Verifiable Abstract Reasoning Benchmark Generation17 May 2026
- 2024AI Predicts AGI: Leveraging AGI Forecasting and Peer Review to Explore LLMs' Complex Reasoning Capabilities12 Dec 2024
- 2024TMGBench: A Systematic Game Benchmark for Evaluating Strategic Reasoning Abilities of LLMs14 Oct 2024
- 2024Efficacy of Language Model Self-Play in Non-Zero-Sum Gamescited by 14
- 2024How Many Parameters Does it Take to Change a Light Bulb? Evaluating Performance in Self-Play of Conversational Games as a Function of Model Characteristicscited by 0
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialoguescited by 0
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialogues15 Jul 2026
- 2024Efficacy of Language Model Self-Play in Non-Zero-Sum Games27 Jun 2024
- 2024How Many Parameters Does it Take to Change a Light Bulb? Evaluating Performance in Self-Play of Conversational Games as a Function of Model Characteristics20 Jun 2024
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarkingcited by 0
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarking19 May 2026
- 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluationcited by 38
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 13
- 2024PertEval: Unveiling Real Knowledge Capacity of LLMs with Knowledge-Invariant Perturbationscited by 13
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AIcited by 11
- 2024Towards Personalized Evaluation of Large Language Models with An Anonymous Crowd-Sourcing Platformcited by 10
- 2025WebDevJudge: Evaluating (M)LLMs as Critiques for Web Development Qualitycited by 10
- 2025AgentAda: Skill-Adaptive Data Analytics for Tailored Insight Discoverycited by 6
- 2025AutoEvoEval: An Automated Framework for Evolving Close-Ended LLM Evaluation Datacited by 3
- 2026Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Sciencecited by 3
- 2024Are Large Language Models Strategic Decision Makers? A Study of Performance and Bias in Two-Player Non-Zero-Sum Gamescited by 2
- 2025Make a Video Call with LLM: A Measurement Campaign over Six Mainstream Appscited by 0
- 2026From Performance to Purpose: A Sociotechnical Taxonomy for Evaluating Large Language Model Utilitycited by 0
- 2026Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Science18 May 2026
- 2026From Performance to Purpose: A Sociotechnical Taxonomy for Evaluating Large Language Model Utility24 Feb 2026
- 2025WebDevJudge: Evaluating (M)LLMs as Critiques for Web Development Quality21 Oct 2025
- 2025Make a Video Call with LLM: A Measurement Campaign over Six Mainstream Apps1 Oct 2025
- 2025AutoEvoEval: An Automated Framework for Evolving Close-Ended LLM Evaluation Data30 Jun 2025
- 2025AgentAda: Skill-Adaptive Data Analytics for Tailored Insight Discovery10 Apr 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluation23 Feb 2025
- 2024Are Large Language Models Strategic Decision Makers? A Study of Performance and Bias in Two-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games5 Jul 2024
- 2024PertEval: Unveiling Real Knowledge Capacity of LLMs with Knowledge-Invariant Perturbations30 May 2024
- 2024Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI14 May 2024
- 2024Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI25 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Personalized Evaluation of Large Language Models with An Anonymous Crowd-Sourcing Platform13 Mar 2024