Building Socio-culturally Inclusive Stereotype Resources with Community Engagement
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Abstract (arXiv)
With rapid development and deployment of generative language models in global settings, there is an urgent need to also scale our measurements of harm, not just in the number and types of harms covered, but also how well they account for local cultural contexts, including marginalized identities and the social biases experienced by them. Current evaluation paradigms are limited in their abilities to address this, as they are not representative of diverse, locally situated but global, socio-cultural perspectives. It is imperative that our evaluation resources are enhanced and calibrated by including people and experiences from different cultures and societies worldwide, in order to prevent gross underestimations or skews in measurements of harm. In this work, we demonstrate a socio-culturally aware expansion of evaluation resources in the Indian societal context, specifically for the harm of stereotyping. We devise a community engaged effort to build a resource which contains stereotypes for axes of disparity that are uniquely present in India. The resultant resource increases the number of stereotypes known for and in the Indian context by over 1000 stereotypes across many unique identities. We also demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of such expanded resources for evaluations of language models. CONTENT WARNING: This paper contains examples of stereotypes that may be offensive.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2023.
Builds on
35 of 60 references.
References · 35
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 10; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.
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- 2025Purdah and Patriarchy: Evaluating and Mitigating South Asian Biases in Open-Ended Multilingual LLM Generations24 May 2025
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- 2024Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Survey5 Mar 2024
- 2024Securing Reliability: A Brief Overview on Enhancing In-Context Learning for Foundation Models27 Feb 2024
- 2024Measuring Machine Learning Harms from Stereotypes Requires Understanding Who Is Harmed by Which Errors in What Ways6 Feb 2024
- 2023Indian-BhED: A Dataset for Measuring India-Centric Biases in Large Language Models15 Sep 2023
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- 2024Beyond Aesthetics: Cultural Competence in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 30
- 2024Culturally Aware and Adapted NLP: A Taxonomy and a Survey of the State of the Artcited by 26
- 2024Extrinsic Evaluation of Cultural Competence in Large Language Modelscited by 24
- 2023Indian-BhED: A Dataset for Measuring India-Centric Biases in Large Language Modelscited by 18
- 2024Towards Geographic Inclusion in the Evaluation of Text-to-Image Modelscited by 16
- 2023Decolonial AI Alignment: Openness, Vi'sedsa-Dharma, and Including Excluded Knowledgescited by 10
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Storiescited by 10
- 2025FairI Tales: Evaluation of Fairness in Indian Contexts with a Focus on Bias and Stereotypescited by 9
- 2024Socially Responsible Data for Large Multilingual Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025Identities are not Interchangeable: The Problem of Overgeneralization in Fair Machine Learningcited by 5
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Characterizing Cultural Localization in AI-Generated Stories12 Jun 2026
- 2026SAFARI: A Community-Engaged Approach and Dataset of Stereotype Resources in the Sub-Saharan African Context25 Feb 2026
- 2025AfriStereo: A Culturally Grounded Dataset for Evaluating Stereotypical Bias in Large Language Models27 Nov 2025
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Stories26 Nov 2025
- 2025MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMs13 Jul 2025
- 2025FairI Tales: Evaluation of Fairness in Indian Contexts with a Focus on Bias and Stereotypes29 Jun 2025
- 2025EtiCor++: Towards Understanding Etiquettical Bias in LLMs10 Jun 2025
- 2025EuroGEST: Investigating gender stereotypes in multilingual language models4 Jun 2025
- 2025Purdah and Patriarchy: Evaluating and Mitigating South Asian Biases in Open-Ended Multilingual LLM Generations24 May 2025
- 2025Identities are not Interchangeable: The Problem of Overgeneralization in Fair Machine Learning7 May 2025
- 2025Culture is Not Trivia: Sociocultural Theory for Cultural NLP17 Feb 2025
- 2025Gender-Neutral Large Language Models for Medical Applications: Reducing Bias in PubMed Abstracts10 Jan 2025
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)