mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

LLMs as Workers in Human-Computational Algorithms? Replicating Crowdsourcing Pipelines with LLMs

arXiv 2307.10168 ↗First posted 19 Jul 2023cs.CL cs.HCcited by 27

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

LLMs have shown promise in replicating human-like behavior in crowdsourcing tasks that were previously thought to be exclusive to human abilities. However, current efforts focus mainly on simple atomic tasks. We explore whether LLMs can replicate more complex crowdsourcing pipelines. We find that modern LLMs can simulate some of crowdworkers' abilities in these ``human computation algorithms,'' but the level of success is variable and influenced by requesters' understanding of LLM capabilities, the specific skills required for sub-tasks, and the optimal interaction modality for performing these sub-tasks. We reflect on human and LLMs' different sensitivities to instructions, stress the importance of enabling human-facing safeguards for LLMs, and discuss the potential of training humans and LLMs with complementary skill sets. Crucially, we show that replicating crowdsourcing pipelines offers a valuable platform to investigate 1) the relative LLM strengths on different tasks (by cross-comparing their performances on sub-tasks) and 2) LLMs' potential in complex tasks, where they can complete part of the tasks while leaving others to humans.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2023.

Builds on

36 of 70 references.

References · 36

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  4. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,585
  5. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
  6. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
  7. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
  8. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
  9. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,211
  10. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,592
  11. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,588
  12. 2019Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferencescited by 2,150
24 more
  1. 2022Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Modelscited by 1,075
  2. 2023ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Taskscited by 870
  3. 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 773
  4. 2022Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samplescited by 752
  5. 2023The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuningcited by 739
  6. 2022Decomposed Prompting: A Modular Approach for Solving Complex Taskscited by 558
  7. 2023Fine-Grained Human Feedback Gives Better Rewards for Language Model Trainingcited by 401
  8. 2020Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performancecited by 399
  9. 2021AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Promptscited by 268
  10. 2021Polyjuice: Generating Counterfactuals for Explaining, Evaluating, and Improving Modelscited by 222
  11. 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
  12. 2023GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Modelscited by 176
  13. 2020What Can We Learn from Collective Human Opinions on Natural Language Inference Data?cited by 153
  14. 2022PromptChainer: Chaining Large Language Model Prompts through Visual Programmingcited by 134
  15. 2022Evaluating and Inducing Personality in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 123
  16. 2021Measure and Improve Robustness in NLP Models: A Surveycited by 107
  17. 2023Artificial Artificial Artificial Intelligence: Crowd Workers Widely Use Large Language Models for Text Production Taskscited by 103
  18. 2023ChatGPT-4 Outperforms Experts and Crowd Workers in Annotating Political Twitter Messages with Zero-Shot Learningcited by 100
  19. 2023"What It Wants Me To Say": Bridging the Abstraction Gap Between End-User Programmers and Code-Generating Large Language Modelscited by 48
  20. 2023Boosted Prompt Ensembles for Large Language Modelscited by 36
  21. 2022Towards Natural Language-Based Visualization Authoringcited by 22
  22. 2023Is AI the better programming partner? Human-Human Pair Programming vs. Human-AI pAIr Programmingcited by 20
  23. 2023Are Language Models Worse than Humans at Following Prompts? It's Complicatedcited by 14
  24. 2016Mechanical Novel: Crowdsourcing Complex Work through Reflection and Revisioncited by 13

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 11; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.

27 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024Can LLMs Replace Manual Annotation of Software Engineering Artifacts?cited by 42
  2. 2024Cocoa: Co-Planning and Co-Execution with AI Agentscited by 39
  3. 2024If in a Crowdsourced Data Annotation Pipeline, a GPT-4cited by 38
  4. 2023Beyond the Chat: Executable and Verifiable Text-Editing with LLMscited by 35
  5. 2024CulturalTeaming: AI-Assisted Interactive Red-Teaming for Challenging LLMs' (Lack of) Multicultural Knowledgecited by 28
  6. 2023Designing LLM Chains by Adapting Techniques from Crowdsourcing Workflowscited by 17
  7. 2024On the Noise Robustness of In-Context Learning for Text Generationcited by 16
  8. 2023Machine-assisted quantitizing designs: augmenting humanities and social sciences with artificial intelligencecited by 15
  9. 2024Not Just Novelty: A Longitudinal Study on Utility and Customization of an AI Workflowcited by 14
  10. 2024VURF: A General-purpose Reasoning and Self-refinement Framework for Video Understandingcited by 13
  11. 2023Revisiting Prompt Engineering via Declarative Crowdsourcingcited by 12
  12. 2023Prompting a Large Language Model to Generate Diverse Motivational Messages: A Comparison with Human-Written Messagescited by 10
15 more
  1. 2025CoBRA: Programming Cognitive Bias in Social Agents Using Classic Social Science Experimentscited by 8
  2. 2023Can GPT-4 Replicate Empirical Software Engineering Research?cited by 7
  3. 2025Completion neq Collaboration: Scaling Collaborative Effort with Agentscited by 6
  4. 2025LLM Agents Are Hypersensitive to Nudgescited by 5
  5. 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Modelscited by 5
  6. 2024Human-LLM Hybrid Text Answer Aggregation for Crowd Annotationscited by 4
  7. 2024Beyond Thumbs Up/Down: Untangling Challenges of Fine-Grained Feedback for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 3
  8. 2025Unraveling Indirect In-Context Learning Using Influence Functionscited by 3
  9. 2025Fine-Grained Appropriate Reliance: Human-AI Collaboration with a Multi-Step Transparent Decision Workflow for Complex Task Decompositioncited by 3
  10. 2025Redefining Research Crowdsourcing: Incorporating Human Feedback with LLM-Powered Digital Twinscited by 3
  11. 2024HINTs: Sensemaking on large collections of documents with Hypergraph visualization and INTelligent agentscited by 2
  12. 2024What Is Wrong with My Model? Identifying Systematic Problems with Semantic Data Slicingcited by 0
  13. 2025Are Large Language Models the future crowd workers of Linguistics?cited by 0
  14. 2026Dynamic Context Evolution for Scalable Synthetic Data Generationcited by 0
  15. 2026Can AI Guess What You Know? Performance Comparison of Large Language Models for Human Domain Knowledge Estimation From Communication Logscited by 0