AutoHint: Automatic Prompt Optimization with Hint Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents AutoHint, a novel framework for automatic prompt engineering and optimization for Large Language Models (LLM). While LLMs have demonstrated remarkable ability in achieving high-quality annotation in various tasks, the key to applying this ability to specific tasks lies in developing high-quality prompts. Thus we propose a framework to inherit the merits of both in-context learning and zero-shot learning by incorporating enriched instructions derived from input-output demonstrations to optimize original prompt. We refer to the enrichment as the hint and propose a framework to automatically generate the hint from labeled data. More concretely, starting from an initial prompt, our method first instructs a LLM to deduce new hints for selected samples from incorrect predictions, and then summarizes from per-sample hints and adds the results back to the initial prompt to form a new, enriched instruction. The proposed method is evaluated on the BIG-Bench Instruction Induction dataset for both zero-shot and few-short prompts, where experiments demonstrate our method is able to significantly boost accuracy for multiple tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jul 2023.
Builds on
20 of 23 references.
References · 20
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
- 2022Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1,397
- 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,122
- 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,020
- 2023ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Taskscited by 849
- 2023Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Searchcited by 628
- 2021Learning How to Ask: Querying LMs with Mixtures of Soft Promptscited by 376
8 more
- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 361
- 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 347
- 2021AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Promptscited by 265
- 2023Large Language Model Guided Tree-of-Thoughtcited by 218
- 2022Optimizing Prompts for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 204
- 2022Instruction Induction: From Few Examples to Natural Language Task Descriptionscited by 152
- 2022TEMPERA: Test-Time Prompting via Reinforcement Learningcited by 50
- 2023Reprompting: Automated Chain-of-Thought Prompt Inference Through Gibbs Samplingcited by 46
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 12; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 46
- 2024Are Large Language Models Good Prompt Optimizers?cited by 37
- 2024Teach Better or Show Smarter? On Instructions and Exemplars in Automatic Prompt Optimizationcited by 28
- 2024Instance-adaptive Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Promptingcited by 25
- 2024Customizing Language Model Responses with Contrastive In-Context Learningcited by 19
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absentcited by 15
- 2024LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Languagecited by 12
- 2024Prompt Obfuscation for Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024SCULPT: Systematic Tuning of Long Promptscited by 8
- 2024TriviaHG: A Dataset for Automatic Hint Generation from Factoid Questionscited by 7
- 2024Learning from Contrastive Prompts: Automated Optimization and Adaptationcited by 7
- 2025Optimizing LLM-Based Multi-Agent System with Textual Feedback: A Case Study on Software Developmentcited by 7
17 more
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithmcited by 6
- 2024Autonomous Prompt Engineering in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Minstrel: Structural Prompt Generation with Multi-Agents Coordination for Non-AI Expertscited by 4
- 2025Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Inversion Learning for Highly Effective NLG Evaluation Promptscited by 3
- 2023Do Physicians Know How to Prompt? The Need for Automatic Prompt Optimization Help in Clinical Note Generationcited by 2
- 2025Fuzzy Reasoning Chain (FRC): An Innovative Reasoning Framework from Fuzziness to Claritycited by 2
- 2025Evolutionary Prompt Optimization Discovers Emergent Multimodal Reasoning Strategies in Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025A Hierarchical Framework for Measuring Scientific Paper Innovation via Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Direct Behavior Optimization: Unlocking the Potential of Lightweight LLMscited by 1
- 2025GreenTEA: Gradient Descent with Topic-modeling and Evolutionary Auto-promptingcited by 1
- 2025MA-SAPO: Multi-Agent Reasoning for Score-Aware Prompt Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026TAHOE: Text-to-SQL with Automated Hint Optimization from Experiencecited by 1
- 2025Reinforcement Learning-Based Prompt Template Stealing for Text-to-Image Modelscited by 0
- 2025QiMeng-NeuComBack: Self-Evolving Translation from IR to Assembly Codecited by 0
- 2026AsynDBT: Asynchronous Distributed Bilevel Tuning for efficient In-Context Learning with Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Strategy-Induct: Task-Level Strategy Induction for Instruction Generationcited by 0
- 2026Towards Spec Learning: Inference-Time Alignment from Preference Pairscited by 0
- 2026Towards Spec Learning: Inference-Time Alignment from Preference Pairs22 Jun 2026
- 2026TAHOE: Text-to-SQL with Automated Hint Optimization from Experience10 Jun 2026
- 2026Strategy-Induct: Task-Level Strategy Induction for Instruction Generation20 May 2026
- 2026AsynDBT: Asynchronous Distributed Bilevel Tuning for efficient In-Context Learning with Large Language Models6 Feb 2026
- 2025QiMeng-NeuComBack: Self-Evolving Translation from IR to Assembly Code3 Nov 2025
- 2025MA-SAPO: Multi-Agent Reasoning for Score-Aware Prompt Optimization18 Oct 2025
- 2025Reinforcement Learning-Based Prompt Template Stealing for Text-to-Image Models27 Sep 2025
- 2025Fuzzy Reasoning Chain (FRC): An Innovative Reasoning Framework from Fuzziness to Clarity26 Sep 2025
- 2025GreenTEA: Gradient Descent with Topic-modeling and Evolutionary Auto-prompting12 Aug 2025
- 2025Direct Behavior Optimization: Unlocking the Potential of Lightweight LLMs6 Jun 2025
- 2025Optimizing LLM-Based Multi-Agent System with Textual Feedback: A Case Study on Software Development22 May 2025
- 2025Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Inversion Learning for Highly Effective NLG Evaluation Prompts29 Apr 2025
17 more
- 2025A Hierarchical Framework for Measuring Scientific Paper Innovation via Large Language Models20 Apr 2025
- 2025Evolutionary Prompt Optimization Discovers Emergent Multimodal Reasoning Strategies in Vision-Language Models30 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithm26 Feb 2025
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absent16 Feb 2025
- 2024SCULPT: Systematic Tuning of Long Prompts28 Oct 2024
- 2024Instance-adaptive Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Prompting30 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning from Contrastive Prompts: Automated Optimization and Adaptation23 Sep 2024
- 2024Minstrel: Structural Prompt Generation with Multi-Agents Coordination for Non-AI Experts20 Sep 2024
- 2024Prompt Obfuscation for Large Language Models17 Sep 2024
- 2024Autonomous Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models25 Jun 2024
- 2024Teach Better or Show Smarter? On Instructions and Exemplars in Automatic Prompt Optimization22 Jun 2024
- 2024Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Survey1 Apr 2024
- 2024TriviaHG: A Dataset for Automatic Hint Generation from Factoid Questions27 Mar 2024
- 2024LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Language26 Feb 2024
- 2024Are Large Language Models Good Prompt Optimizers?3 Feb 2024
- 2024Customizing Language Model Responses with Contrastive In-Context Learning30 Jan 2024
- 2023Do Physicians Know How to Prompt? The Need for Automatic Prompt Optimization Help in Clinical Note Generation16 Nov 2023
- 2024Instance-adaptive Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Promptingcited by 25
- 2024LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Languagecited by 12
- 2025Fuzzy Reasoning Chain (FRC): An Innovative Reasoning Framework from Fuzziness to Claritycited by 2
- 2025Evolutionary Prompt Optimization Discovers Emergent Multimodal Reasoning Strategies in Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025MA-SAPO: Multi-Agent Reasoning for Score-Aware Prompt Optimizationcited by 1
- 2025MA-SAPO: Multi-Agent Reasoning for Score-Aware Prompt Optimization18 Oct 2025
- 2025Fuzzy Reasoning Chain (FRC): An Innovative Reasoning Framework from Fuzziness to Clarity26 Sep 2025
- 2025Evolutionary Prompt Optimization Discovers Emergent Multimodal Reasoning Strategies in Vision-Language Models30 Mar 2025
- 2024Instance-adaptive Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Prompting30 Sep 2024
- 2024LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Language26 Feb 2024
- 2024Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 46
- 2024Are Large Language Models Good Prompt Optimizers?cited by 37
- 2024Teach Better or Show Smarter? On Instructions and Exemplars in Automatic Prompt Optimizationcited by 28
- 2024Customizing Language Model Responses with Contrastive In-Context Learningcited by 19
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absentcited by 15
- 2024Prompt Obfuscation for Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024SCULPT: Systematic Tuning of Long Promptscited by 8
- 2024TriviaHG: A Dataset for Automatic Hint Generation from Factoid Questionscited by 7
- 2024Learning from Contrastive Prompts: Automated Optimization and Adaptationcited by 7
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithmcited by 6
- 2024Autonomous Prompt Engineering in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Inversion Learning for Highly Effective NLG Evaluation Promptscited by 3
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026TAHOE: Text-to-SQL with Automated Hint Optimization from Experience10 Jun 2026
- 2026Strategy-Induct: Task-Level Strategy Induction for Instruction Generation20 May 2026
- 2026AsynDBT: Asynchronous Distributed Bilevel Tuning for efficient In-Context Learning with Large Language Models6 Feb 2026
- 2025GreenTEA: Gradient Descent with Topic-modeling and Evolutionary Auto-prompting12 Aug 2025
- 2025Direct Behavior Optimization: Unlocking the Potential of Lightweight LLMs6 Jun 2025
- 2025Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Inversion Learning for Highly Effective NLG Evaluation Prompts29 Apr 2025
- 2025A Hierarchical Framework for Measuring Scientific Paper Innovation via Large Language Models20 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization with Instruction-focused Heuristic-based Search Algorithm26 Feb 2025
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absent16 Feb 2025
- 2024SCULPT: Systematic Tuning of Long Prompts28 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning from Contrastive Prompts: Automated Optimization and Adaptation23 Sep 2024
- 2024Prompt Obfuscation for Large Language Models17 Sep 2024
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)