mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Polybot: Training One Policy Across Robots While Embracing Variability

arXiv 2307.03719 ↗First posted 7 Jul 2023cs.RO cs.LGcited by 28

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Reusing large datasets is crucial to scale vision-based robotic manipulators to everyday scenarios due to the high cost of collecting robotic datasets. However, robotic platforms possess varying control schemes, camera viewpoints, kinematic configurations, and end-effector morphologies, posing significant challenges when transferring manipulation skills from one platform to another. To tackle this problem, we propose a set of key design decisions to train a single policy for deployment on multiple robotic platforms. Our framework first aligns the observation and action spaces of our policy across embodiments via utilizing wrist cameras and a unified, but modular codebase. To bridge the remaining domain shift, we align our policy's internal representations across embodiments through contrastive learning. We evaluate our method on a dataset collected over 60 hours spanning 6 tasks and 3 robots with varying joint configurations and sizes: the WidowX 250S, the Franka Emika Panda, and the Sawyer. Our results demonstrate significant improvements in success rate and sample efficiency for our policy when using new task data collected on a different robot, validating our proposed design decisions. More details and videos can be found on our anonymized project website: https://sites.google.com/view/polybot-multirobot

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2023.

Builds on

53 of 70 references.

References · 53

  1. 2015Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networkscited by 3,044
  2. 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
  3. 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,061
  4. 2021Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Videocited by 1,556
  5. 2017Domain Randomization for Transferring Deep Neural Networks from Simulation to the Real Worldcited by 1,498
  6. 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,427
  7. 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,204
  8. 2022A Generalist Agentcited by 808
  9. 2022R3M: A Universal Visual Representation for Robot Manipulationcited by 694
  10. 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 689
  11. 2017Sim-to-Real Transfer of Robotic Control with Dynamics Randomizationcited by 672
  12. 2022BC-Z: Zero-Shot Task Generalization with Robotic Imitation Learningcited by 523
38 more
  1. 2020robosuite: A Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learningcited by 511
  2. 2017Time-Contrastive Networks: Self-Supervised Learning from Videocited by 459
  3. 2022VIP: Towards Universal Visual Reward and Representation via Value-Implicit Pre-Trainingcited by 395
  4. 2019RoboNet: Large-Scale Multi-Robot Learningcited by 270
  5. 2021Bridge Data: Boosting Generalization of Robotic Skills with Cross-Domain Datasetscited by 250
  6. 2022Real-World Robot Learning with Masked Visual Pre-trainingcited by 245
  7. 2017One-Shot Imitation Learningcited by 233
  8. 2017One-Shot Visual Imitation Learning via Meta-Learningcited by 228
  9. 2018Closing the Sim-to-Real Loop: Adapting Simulation Randomization with Real World Experiencecited by 217
  10. 2018RoboTurk: A Crowdsourcing Platform for Robotic Skill Learning through Imitationcited by 204
  11. 2015Actor-Mimic: Deep Multitask and Transfer Reinforcement Learningcited by 178
  12. 2021Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning with Context-based Representationscited by 174
  13. 2022GNM: A General Navigation Model to Drive Any Robotcited by 171
  14. 2023Language-Driven Representation Learning for Roboticscited by 165
  15. 2022Human-to-Robot Imitation in the Wildcited by 161
  16. 2017Using Simulation and Domain Adaptation to Improve Efficiency of Deep Robotic Graspingcited by 144
  17. 2017Preparing for the Unknown: Learning a Universal Policy with Online System Identificationcited by 141
  18. 2016Learning Modular Neural Network Policies for Multi-Task and Multi-Robot Transfercited by 127
  19. 2021Learning Generalizable Robotic Reward Functions from "In-The-Wild" Human Videoscited by 119
  20. 2020Visual Imitation Made Easycited by 111
  21. 2016Sim-to-Real Robot Learning from Pixels with Progressive Netscited by 94
  22. 2021RRL: Resnet as representation for Reinforcement Learningcited by 91
  23. 2017Learning Invariant Feature Spaces to Transfer Skills with Reinforcement Learningcited by 85
  24. 2020Reinforcement Learning with Videos: Combining Offline Observations with Interactioncited by 82
  25. 2018Multiple Interactions Made Easy (MIME): Large Scale Demonstrations Data for Imitationcited by 76
  26. 2020RetinaGAN: An Object-aware Approach to Sim-to-Real Transfercited by 70
  27. 2020Semantic Visual Navigation by Watching YouTube Videoscited by 60
  28. 2016Transfer from Simulation to Real World through Learning Deep Inverse Dynamics Modelcited by 54
  29. 2022VRL3: A Data-Driven Framework for Visual Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 52
  30. 2021Learning to See before Learning to Act: Visual Pre-training for Manipulationcited by 51
  31. 2020Sim2Real Transfer for Reinforcement Learning without Dynamics Randomizationcited by 47
  32. 2022Vision-Based Manipulators Need to Also See from Their Handscited by 47
  33. 2018Hardware Conditioned Policies for Multi-Robot Transfer Learningcited by 46
  34. 2020Learning Cross-Domain Correspondence for Control with Dynamics Cycle-Consistencycited by 43
  35. 2017Multi-Task Domain Adaptation for Deep Learning of Instance Grasping from Simulationcited by 36
  36. 2023Lossless Adaptation of Pretrained Vision Models For Robotic Manipulationcited by 29
  37. 2020Knowledge Transfer in Multi-Task Deep Reinforcement Learning for Continuous Controlcited by 28
  38. 2017Sim2Real View Invariant Visual Servoing by Recurrent Controlcited by 19

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 15; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.

28 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
  2. 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,484
  3. 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 691
  4. 2024Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 391
  5. 2024EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Videocited by 175
  6. 2024Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformerscited by 148
  7. 2024Scaling Cross-Embodied Learning: One Policy for Manipulation, Navigation, Locomotion and Aviationcited by 114
  8. 2025Humanoid Policy ~ Human Policycited by 78
  9. 2024Towards Synergistic, Generalized, and Efficient Dual-System for Robotic Manipulationcited by 73
  10. 2025FLOWER: Democratizing Generalist Robot Policies with Efficient Vision-Language-Action Flow Policiescited by 57
  11. 2024Re-Mix: Optimizing Data Mixtures for Large Scale Imitation Learningcited by 47
  12. 2025Bigger, Regularized, Categorical: High-Capacity Value Functions are Efficient Multi-Task Learnerscited by 23
16 more
  1. 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulationcited by 22
  2. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Cross-Domain Policy Transfer for Embodied Agentscited by 16
  3. 2024REGENT: A Retrieval-Augmented Generalist Agent That Can Act In-Context in New Environmentscited by 16
  4. 2025OXE-AugE: A Large-Scale Robot Augmentation of OXE for Scaling Cross-Embodiment Policy Learningcited by 10
  5. 2024xTED: Cross-Domain Adaptation via Diffusion-Based Trajectory Editingcited by 9
  6. 2025Tool-as-Interface: Learning Robot Policies from Observing Human Tool Usecited by 8
  7. 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusioncited by 7
  8. 2025AnyBody: A Benchmark Suite for Cross-Embodiment Manipulationcited by 6
  9. 2025Invariance Co-training for Robot Visual Generalizationcited by 4
  10. 2024Reinforcement Learning from Wild Animal Videoscited by 2
  11. 2025Inference-stage Adaptation-projection Strategy Adapts Diffusion Policy to Cross-manipulators Scenarioscited by 2
  12. 2024Towards Natural Language-Driven Assembly Using Foundation Modelscited by 1
  13. 2026Cross-Embodiment Transfer via Behavior-Aligned Representationscited by 1
  14. 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Modelscited by 1
  15. 2024Cross-Embodied Affordance Transfer through Learning Affordance Equivalencescited by 0
  16. 2026Enhancing Linguistic Generalization of VLA: Fine-Tuning OpenVLA via Synthetic Instruction Augmentationcited by 0