Polybot: Training One Policy Across Robots While Embracing Variability
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Abstract (arXiv)
Reusing large datasets is crucial to scale vision-based robotic manipulators to everyday scenarios due to the high cost of collecting robotic datasets. However, robotic platforms possess varying control schemes, camera viewpoints, kinematic configurations, and end-effector morphologies, posing significant challenges when transferring manipulation skills from one platform to another. To tackle this problem, we propose a set of key design decisions to train a single policy for deployment on multiple robotic platforms. Our framework first aligns the observation and action spaces of our policy across embodiments via utilizing wrist cameras and a unified, but modular codebase. To bridge the remaining domain shift, we align our policy's internal representations across embodiments through contrastive learning. We evaluate our method on a dataset collected over 60 hours spanning 6 tasks and 3 robots with varying joint configurations and sizes: the WidowX 250S, the Franka Emika Panda, and the Sawyer. Our results demonstrate significant improvements in success rate and sample efficiency for our policy when using new task data collected on a different robot, validating our proposed design decisions. More details and videos can be found on our anonymized project website: https://sites.google.com/view/polybot-multirobot
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2023.
Builds on
53 of 70 references.
References · 53
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- 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,061
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- 2022A Generalist Agentcited by 808
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38 more
- 2020robosuite: A Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learningcited by 511
- 2017Time-Contrastive Networks: Self-Supervised Learning from Videocited by 459
- 2022VIP: Towards Universal Visual Reward and Representation via Value-Implicit Pre-Trainingcited by 395
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- 2021Bridge Data: Boosting Generalization of Robotic Skills with Cross-Domain Datasetscited by 250
- 2022Real-World Robot Learning with Masked Visual Pre-trainingcited by 245
- 2017One-Shot Imitation Learningcited by 233
- 2017One-Shot Visual Imitation Learning via Meta-Learningcited by 228
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- 2022GNM: A General Navigation Model to Drive Any Robotcited by 171
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- 2022Human-to-Robot Imitation in the Wildcited by 161
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 15; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.
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- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,484
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 691
- 2024Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 391
- 2024EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Videocited by 175
- 2024Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformerscited by 148
- 2024Scaling Cross-Embodied Learning: One Policy for Manipulation, Navigation, Locomotion and Aviationcited by 114
- 2025Humanoid Policy ~ Human Policycited by 78
- 2024Towards Synergistic, Generalized, and Efficient Dual-System for Robotic Manipulationcited by 73
- 2025FLOWER: Democratizing Generalist Robot Policies with Efficient Vision-Language-Action Flow Policiescited by 57
- 2024Re-Mix: Optimizing Data Mixtures for Large Scale Imitation Learningcited by 47
- 2025Bigger, Regularized, Categorical: High-Capacity Value Functions are Efficient Multi-Task Learnerscited by 23
16 more
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- 2025OXE-AugE: A Large-Scale Robot Augmentation of OXE for Scaling Cross-Embodiment Policy Learningcited by 10
- 2024xTED: Cross-Domain Adaptation via Diffusion-Based Trajectory Editingcited by 9
- 2025Tool-as-Interface: Learning Robot Policies from Observing Human Tool Usecited by 8
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusioncited by 7
- 2025AnyBody: A Benchmark Suite for Cross-Embodiment Manipulationcited by 6
- 2025Invariance Co-training for Robot Visual Generalizationcited by 4
- 2024Reinforcement Learning from Wild Animal Videoscited by 2
- 2025Inference-stage Adaptation-projection Strategy Adapts Diffusion Policy to Cross-manipulators Scenarioscited by 2
- 2024Towards Natural Language-Driven Assembly Using Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Transfer via Behavior-Aligned Representationscited by 1
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2024Cross-Embodied Affordance Transfer through Learning Affordance Equivalencescited by 0
- 2026Enhancing Linguistic Generalization of VLA: Fine-Tuning OpenVLA via Synthetic Instruction Augmentationcited by 0
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Models19 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Transfer via Behavior-Aligned Representations30 Jul 2026
- 2026Enhancing Linguistic Generalization of VLA: Fine-Tuning OpenVLA via Synthetic Instruction Augmentation17 Mar 2026
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulation1 Feb 2026
- 2025OXE-AugE: A Large-Scale Robot Augmentation of OXE for Scaling Cross-Embodiment Policy Learning15 Dec 2025
- 2025Invariance Co-training for Robot Visual Generalization4 Dec 2025
- 2025Inference-stage Adaptation-projection Strategy Adapts Diffusion Policy to Cross-manipulators Scenarios15 Sep 2025
- 2025FLOWER: Democratizing Generalist Robot Policies with Efficient Vision-Language-Action Flow Policies5 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusion13 Jun 2025
- 2025Bigger, Regularized, Categorical: High-Capacity Value Functions are Efficient Multi-Task Learners29 May 2025
- 2025AnyBody: A Benchmark Suite for Cross-Embodiment Manipulation21 May 2025
- 2025Tool-as-Interface: Learning Robot Policies from Observing Human Tool Use6 Apr 2025
16 more
- 2025Humanoid Policy ~ Human Policy17 Mar 2025
- 2024REGENT: A Retrieval-Augmented Generalist Agent That Can Act In-Context in New Environments6 Dec 2024
- 2024Reinforcement Learning from Wild Animal Videos5 Dec 2024
- 2024EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Video31 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Synergistic, Generalized, and Efficient Dual-System for Robotic Manipulation10 Oct 2024
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulation10 Oct 2024
- 2024Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformers30 Sep 2024
- 2024xTED: Cross-Domain Adaptation via Diffusion-Based Trajectory Editing13 Sep 2024
- 2024Re-Mix: Optimizing Data Mixtures for Large Scale Imitation Learning26 Aug 2024
- 2024Scaling Cross-Embodied Learning: One Policy for Manipulation, Navigation, Locomotion and Aviation21 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Natural Language-Driven Assembly Using Foundation Models23 Jun 2024
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model13 Jun 2024
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policy20 May 2024
- 2024Cross-Embodied Affordance Transfer through Learning Affordance Equivalences24 Apr 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Cross-Domain Policy Transfer for Embodied Agents7 Feb 2024
- 2024Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperation4 Jan 2024
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,484
- 2024Towards Synergistic, Generalized, and Efficient Dual-System for Robotic Manipulationcited by 73
- 2025FLOWER: Democratizing Generalist Robot Policies with Efficient Vision-Language-Action Flow Policiescited by 57
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulationcited by 22
- 2025OXE-AugE: A Large-Scale Robot Augmentation of OXE for Scaling Cross-Embodiment Policy Learningcited by 10
- 2025Invariance Co-training for Robot Visual Generalizationcited by 4
- 2024Towards Natural Language-Driven Assembly Using Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026The Embodiment Gap in Robot Foundation Models19 Aug 2026
- 2026A Systematic Study of Data Modalities and Strategies for Co-training Large Behavior Models for Robot Manipulation1 Feb 2026
- 2025OXE-AugE: A Large-Scale Robot Augmentation of OXE for Scaling Cross-Embodiment Policy Learning15 Dec 2025
- 2025Invariance Co-training for Robot Visual Generalization4 Dec 2025
- 2025FLOWER: Democratizing Generalist Robot Policies with Efficient Vision-Language-Action Flow Policies5 Sep 2025
- 2024Towards Synergistic, Generalized, and Efficient Dual-System for Robotic Manipulation10 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Natural Language-Driven Assembly Using Foundation Models23 Jun 2024
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model13 Jun 2024
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policy20 May 2024
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 691
- 2024xTED: Cross-Domain Adaptation via Diffusion-Based Trajectory Editingcited by 9
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusioncited by 7
- 2025Inference-stage Adaptation-projection Strategy Adapts Diffusion Policy to Cross-manipulators Scenarioscited by 2
- 2025Inference-stage Adaptation-projection Strategy Adapts Diffusion Policy to Cross-manipulators Scenarios15 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Loco: Unifying Multi-Embodiment Legged Locomotion via Reinforcement Learning Augmented Diffusion13 Jun 2025
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulation10 Oct 2024
- 2024xTED: Cross-Domain Adaptation via Diffusion-Based Trajectory Editing13 Sep 2024
- 2024Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 391
- 2024EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Videocited by 175
- 2024Re-Mix: Optimizing Data Mixtures for Large Scale Imitation Learningcited by 47
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Transfer via Behavior-Aligned Representationscited by 1
- 2026Cross-Embodiment Transfer via Behavior-Aligned Representations30 Jul 2026
- 2024EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Video31 Oct 2024
- 2024Re-Mix: Optimizing Data Mixtures for Large Scale Imitation Learning26 Aug 2024
- 2024Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperation4 Jan 2024
- 2024Reinforcement Learning from Wild Animal Videoscited by 2
- 2024Reinforcement Learning from Wild Animal Videos5 Dec 2024
- 2024Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformerscited by 148
- 2024Scaling Cross-Embodied Learning: One Policy for Manipulation, Navigation, Locomotion and Aviationcited by 114
- 2025Humanoid Policy ~ Human Policycited by 78
- 2025Bigger, Regularized, Categorical: High-Capacity Value Functions are Efficient Multi-Task Learnerscited by 23
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Cross-Domain Policy Transfer for Embodied Agentscited by 16
- 2025Tool-as-Interface: Learning Robot Policies from Observing Human Tool Usecited by 8
- 2025AnyBody: A Benchmark Suite for Cross-Embodiment Manipulationcited by 6
- 2024Cross-Embodied Affordance Transfer through Learning Affordance Equivalencescited by 0
- 2025Bigger, Regularized, Categorical: High-Capacity Value Functions are Efficient Multi-Task Learners29 May 2025
- 2025AnyBody: A Benchmark Suite for Cross-Embodiment Manipulation21 May 2025
- 2025Tool-as-Interface: Learning Robot Policies from Observing Human Tool Use6 Apr 2025
- 2025Humanoid Policy ~ Human Policy17 Mar 2025
- 2024Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformers30 Sep 2024
- 2024Scaling Cross-Embodied Learning: One Policy for Manipulation, Navigation, Locomotion and Aviation21 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-Embodied Affordance Transfer through Learning Affordance Equivalences24 Apr 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Cross-Domain Policy Transfer for Embodied Agents7 Feb 2024