mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RL4CO: an Extensive Reinforcement Learning for Combinatorial Optimization Benchmark

arXiv 2306.17100 ↗First posted 29 Jun 2023cs.LG cs.AIcited by 71

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Combinatorial optimization (CO) is fundamental to several real-world applications, from logistics and scheduling to hardware design and resource allocation. Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has recently shown significant benefits in solving CO problems, reducing reliance on domain expertise and improving computational efficiency. However, the absence of a unified benchmarking framework leads to inconsistent evaluations, limits reproducibility, and increases engineering overhead, raising barriers to adoption for new researchers. To address these challenges, we introduce RL4CO, a unified and extensive benchmark with in-depth library coverage of 27 CO problem environments and 23 state-of-the-art baselines. Built on efficient software libraries and best practices in implementation, RL4CO features modularized implementation and flexible configurations of diverse environments, policy architectures, RL algorithms, and utilities with extensive documentation. RL4CO helps researchers build on existing successes while exploring and developing their own designs, facilitating the entire research process by decoupling science from heavy engineering. We finally provide extensive benchmark studies to inspire new insights and future work. RL4CO has already attracted numerous researchers in the community and is open-sourced at https://github.com/ai4co/rl4co.

Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 72 of its 166 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Jun 2023.

Builds on

72 of 166 references.

References · 72

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  4. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  5. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  6. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  7. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  8. 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,673
  9. 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
  10. 2016OpenAI Gymcited by 1,736
  11. 2015Pointer Networkscited by 895
  12. 2018Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizoncited by 623
38 more
  1. 2016Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Reinforcement Learningcited by 608
  2. 2020SE(3)-Transformers: 3D Roto-Translation Equivariant Attention Networkscited by 607
  3. 2017Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphscited by 561
  4. 2023Hyena Hierarchy: Towards Larger Convolutional Language Modelscited by 393
  5. 2014Recurrent Models of Visual Attentioncited by 349
  6. 2020POMO: Policy Optimization with Multiple Optima for Reinforcement Learningcited by 348
  7. 2018Reinforcement Learning for Solving the Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 333
  8. 2019An Efficient Graph Convolutional Network Technique for the Travelling Salesman Problemcited by 269
  9. 2020Reinforcement Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: A Surveycited by 236
  10. 2019Differentiation of Blackbox Combinatorial Solverscited by 226
  11. 2023DIFUSCO: Graph-based Diffusion Solvers for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 221
  12. 2019Stochastic Beams and Where to Find Them: The Gumbel-Top-k Trick for Sampling Sequences Without Replacementcited by 211
  13. 2018Learning to Perform Local Rewriting for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 185
  14. 2018Combinatorial Optimization with Graph Convolutional Networks and Guided Tree Searchcited by 183
  15. 2019Learning Improvement Heuristics for Solving Routing Problemscited by 164
  16. 2020Generalize a Small Pre-trained Model to Arbitrarily Large TSP Instancescited by 162
  17. 2021Tianshou: a Highly Modularized Deep Reinforcement Learning Librarycited by 143
  18. 2020Learning to Dispatch for Job Shop Scheduling via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 140
  19. 2022DIMES: A Differentiable Meta Solver for Combinatorial Optimization Problemscited by 129
  20. 2020Hybrid Genetic Search for the CVRP: Open-Source Implementation and SWAP* Neighborhoodcited by 125
  21. 2022Sym-NCO: Leveraging Symmetricity for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 119
  22. 2019Neural Large Neighborhood Search for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 117
  23. 2021Learning to Delegate for Large-scale Vehicle Routingcited by 109
  24. 2021Learning to Iteratively Solve Routing Problems with Dual-Aspect Collaborative Transformercited by 108
  25. 2021NeuroLKH: Combining Deep Learning Model with Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun Heuristic for Solving the Traveling Salesman Problemcited by 103
  26. 2020Learning 2-opt Heuristics for the Traveling Salesman Problem via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 100
  27. 2020Multi-Decoder Attention Model with Embedding Glimpse for Solving Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 100
  28. 2021Efficient Active Search for Combinatorial Optimization Problemscited by 100
  29. 2021Deep Policy Dynamic Programming for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 94
  30. 2021Matrix Encoding Networks for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 91
  31. 2021Learning Collaborative Policies to Solve NP-hard Routing Problemscited by 86
  32. 2022Simulation-guided Beam Search for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 84
  33. 2019Exploratory Combinatorial Optimization with Reinforcement Learningcited by 82
  34. 2019Combinatorial Optimization by Graph Pointer Networks and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 78
  35. 2021Graph Neural Network Guided Local Search for the Traveling Salesperson Problemcited by 70
  36. 2022Learning Generalizable Models for Vehicle Routing Problems via Knowledge Distillationcited by 62
  37. 2023TorchRL: A data-driven decision-making library for PyTorchcited by 60
  38. 2023Jumanji: a Diverse Suite of Scalable Reinforcement Learning Environments in JAXcited by 58

50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 12; 2025: 34; 2026: 22.

71 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023GLOP: Learning Global Partition and Local Construction for Solving Large-scale Routing Problems in Real-timecited by 85
  2. 2023DeepACO: Neural-enhanced Ant Systems for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 78
  3. 2024MVMoE: Multi-Task Vehicle Routing Solver with Mixture-of-Expertscited by 70
  4. 2024RouteFinder: Towards Foundation Models for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 55
  5. 2025Rethinking Light Decoder-based Solvers for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 37
  6. 2024PolyNet: Learning Diverse Solution Strategies for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 35
  7. 2024Learning to Handle Complex Constraints for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 29
  8. 2025Large Language Models as End-to-end Combinatorial Optimization Solverscited by 28
  9. 2025Neural Deconstruction Search for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 15
  10. 2024ACEGEN: Reinforcement learning of generative chemical agents for drug discoverycited by 14
  11. 2025RRNCO: Towards Real-World Routing with Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 11
  12. 2025FrontierCO: Real-World and Large-Scale Evaluation of Machine Learning Solvers for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 11
38 more
  1. 2024Collaboration! Towards Robust Neural Methods for Routing Problemscited by 9
  2. 2025Generalizable Heuristic Generation Through LLMs with Meta-Optimizationcited by 9
  3. 2024Ensembling Prioritized Hybrid Policies for Multi-agent Pathfindingcited by 7
  4. 2024Tackling Prevalent Conditions in Unsupervised Combinatorial Optimization: Cardinality, Minimum, Covering, and Morecited by 7
  5. 2024PARCO: Parallel AutoRegressive Models for Multi-Agent Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 7
  6. 2025VRPAgent: LLM-Driven Discovery of Heuristic Operators for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 7
  7. 2025Preference-Driven Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization with Conditional Computationcited by 6
  8. 2025Fine-tuning Large Language Model for Automated Algorithm Designcited by 6
  9. 2024Neural Solver Selection for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 5
  10. 2025Reinforcement learning with combinatorial actions for coupled restless banditscited by 5
  11. 2025Learning to Segment for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 5
  12. 2025An Agentic Framework with LLMs for Solving Complex Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 5
  13. 2025Learning to Partially Defer for Sequencescited by 4
  14. 2025Learning Constraints-Based Adaptive Hypergraph Neural Networks for Solving Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 3
  15. 2025LMask: Learn to Solve Constrained Routing Problems with Lazy Maskingcited by 3
  16. 2025Mechanistic Interpretability for Neural TSP Solverscited by 3
  17. 2026Towards Efficient Constraint Handling in Neural Solvers for Routing Problemscited by 3
  18. 2023Learning Efficient Surrogate Dynamic Models with Graph Spline Networkscited by 2
  19. 2025Learning to Solve the Min-Max Mixed-Shelves Picker-Routing Problem via Hierarchical and Parallel Decodingcited by 2
  20. 2025Accelerating Vehicle Routing via AI-Initialized Genetic Algorithmscited by 2
  21. 2025Planning in Branch-and-Bound: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning for Exact Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 2
  22. 2025USPR: Learning a Unified Solver for Profiled Routingcited by 1
  23. 2025Recurrent State Encoders for Efficient Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 1
  24. 2025Learn to Relax with Large Language Models: Solving Constraint Optimization Problems via Bidirectional Coevolutioncited by 1
  25. 2025ViTSP: A Vision Language Models Guided Framework for Solving Large-Scale Traveling Salesman Problemscited by 1
  26. 2026Baseline-Free Policy Optimization for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 1
  27. 2026HyCO: A Hybrid Neural Solver for Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 1
  28. 2024Learn to Solve Vehicle Routing Problems ASAP: A Neural Optimization Approach for Time-Constrained Vehicle Routing Problems with Finite Vehicle Fleetcited by 0
  29. 2024Multi-Agent Environments for Vehicle Routing Problemscited by 0
  30. 2025TransPlace: Transferable Circuit Global Placement via Graph Neural Networkcited by 0
  31. 2025SED2AM: Solving Multi-Trip Time-Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  32. 2025Onboard Mission Replanning for Adaptive Cooperative Multi-Robot Systemscited by 0
  33. 2025On Training-Test (Mis)alignment in Unsupervised Combinatorial Optimization: Observation, Empirical Exploration, and Analysiscited by 0
  34. 2025POMO+: Leveraging starting nodes in POMO for solving Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 0
  35. 2025NeuFACO: Neural Focused Ant Colony Optimization for Traveling Salesman Problemcited by 0
  36. 2025Tackling GNARLy Problems: Graph Neural Algorithmic Reasoning Reimagined through Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  37. 2025A Unified Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Close Enough Traveling Salesman Problemcited by 0
  38. 2025Multi-Action Self-Improvement for Neural Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 0

50 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)