mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Fine-tuning Large Enterprise Language Models via Ontological Reasoning

arXiv 2306.10723 ↗First posted 19 Jun 2023cs.CL cs.DB cs.LOcited by 14

On the map: LLM reasoning → Knowledge- and tool-augmented reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) exploit fine-tuning as a technique to adapt to diverse goals, thanks to task-specific training data. Task specificity should go hand in hand with domain orientation, that is, the specialization of an LLM to accurately address the tasks of a given realm of interest. However, models are usually fine-tuned over publicly available data or, at most, over ground data from databases, ignoring business-level definitions and domain experience. On the other hand, Enterprise Knowledge Graphs (EKGs) are able to capture and augment such domain knowledge via ontological reasoning. With the goal of combining LLM flexibility with the domain orientation of EKGs, we propose a novel neurosymbolic architecture that leverages the power of ontological reasoning to build task- and domain-specific corpora for LLM fine-tuning.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Knowledge- and tool-augmented reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 9 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2023.

Builds on

9 of 24 references.

References · 9

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  3. 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,202
  4. 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 939
  5. 2020How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?cited by 719
  6. 2019RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parserscited by 424
  7. 2022SKILL: Structured Knowledge Infusion for Large Language Modelscited by 27
  8. 2019Neural Machine Translating from Natural Language to SPARQLcited by 23
  9. 2022Can Pretrained Language Models (Yet) Reason Deductively?cited by 5

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 9; 2025: 4.

14 papers.

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  1. 2023Can Knowledge Graphs Reduce Hallucinations in LLMs? : A Surveycited by 92
  2. 2024T-RAG: Lessons from the LLM Trenchescited by 23
  3. 2024Solving General Natural-Language-Description Optimization Problems with Large Language Modelscited by 22
  4. 2024Research Trends for the Interplay between Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphscited by 15
  5. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Data Augmentation for Low-Resource Domain Taskscited by 12
  6. 2024Towards Next-Generation Urban Decision Support Systems through AI-Powered Construction of Scientific Ontology using Large Language Models -- A Case in Optimizing Intermodal Freight Transportationcited by 10
  7. 2024Way to Specialist: Closing Loop Between Specialized LLM and Evolving Domain Knowledge Graphcited by 6
  8. 2025Aligning Knowledge Graphs and Language Models for Factual Accuracycited by 4
  9. 2024Towards Ontology-Enhanced Representation Learning for Large Language Modelscited by 3
  10. 2024Pretrained Generative Language Models as General Learning Frameworks for Sequence-Based Taskscited by 2
  11. 2024Knowledge Pyramid Construction for Multi-Level Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
  12. 2025From PowerPoint UI Sketches to Web-Based Applications: Pattern-Driven Code Generation for GIS Dashboard Development Using Knowledge-Augmented LLMs, Context-Aware Visual Prompting, and the React Frameworkcited by 1
2 more
  1. 2025Knowledge Editing for Multi-Hop Question Answering Using Semantic Analysiscited by 1
  2. 2025Context-Aware Visual Prompting: Automating Geospatial Web Dashboards with Large Language Models and Agent Self-Validation for Decision Supportcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Unifying Ontology Construction and Semantic Alignment for Deterministic Enterprise Reasoning at Scale
  2. 2026Ontology-Constrained Neural Reasoning in Enterprise Agentic Systems: A Neurosymbolic Architecture for Domain-Grounded AI Agents
  3. 2026Corporate Language Model (CLM): Transforming Tacit and Fragmented Enterprise Knowledge into a Sovereign, Auditable, and Executable Corporate Intelligence Layer
  4. 2025From Symbolic to Neural and Back: Exploring Knowledge Graph-Large Language Model Synergies
  5. 2023Large Knowledge Model: Perspectives and Challenges
  6. 2024Synergizing Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects ↗
  7. 2025Enhancing Large Language Models through Neuro-Symbolic Integration and Ontological Reasoning
  8. 2025OntoURL: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Symbolic Ontological Understanding, Reasoning and Learning