Language Models for German Text Simplification: Overcoming Parallel Data Scarcity through Style-specific Pre-training
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Abstract (arXiv)
Automatic text simplification systems help to reduce textual information barriers on the internet. However, for languages other than English, only few parallel data to train these systems exists. We propose a two-step approach to overcome this data scarcity issue. First, we fine-tuned language models on a corpus of German Easy Language, a specific style of German. Then, we used these models as decoders in a sequence-to-sequence simplification task. We show that the language models adapt to the style characteristics of Easy Language and output more accessible texts. Moreover, with the style-specific pre-training, we reduced the number of trainable parameters in text simplification models. Hence, less parallel data is sufficient for training. Our results indicate that pre-training on unaligned data can reduce the required parallel data while improving the performance on downstream tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2023.
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References · 15
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- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
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- 2022A Contrastive Framework for Neural Text Generationcited by 224
- 2022mGPT: Few-Shot Learners Go Multilingualcited by 141
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 5; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
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- 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuningcited by 13
- 2024German Text Simplification: Finetuning Large Language Models with Semi-Synthetic Datacited by 4
- 2023Using ChatGPT as a CAT tool in Easy Language translationcited by 2
- 2023Data and Approaches for German Text simplification -- towards an Accessibility-enhanced Communicationcited by 2
- 2024Images Speak Volumes: User-Centric Assessment of Image Generation for Accessible Communicationcited by 2
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in Germancited by 2
- 2025Facilitating Cognitive Accessibility with LLMs: A Multi-Task Approach to Easy-to-Read Text Generationcited by 2
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplificationcited by 1
- 2025SimplifyMyText: An LLM-Based System for Inclusive Plain Language Text Simplificationcited by 1
- 2023Exploring Automatic Text Simplification of German Narrative Documentscited by 0
- 2024EASSE-DE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluation for Germancited by 0
- 2025A Structured Literature Review on Traditional Approaches in Current Natural Language Processingcited by 0
3 more
- 2025Evaluating the Effectiveness of Direct Preference Optimization for Personalizing German Automatic Text Simplifications for Persons with Intellectual Disabilitiescited by 0
- 2025DETECT: Determining Ease and Textual Clarity of German Text Simplificationscited by 0
- 2026Profiling German Text Simplification with Interpretable Model-Fingerprintscited by 0
- 2026Profiling German Text Simplification with Interpretable Model-Fingerprints19 Jan 2026
- 2025DETECT: Determining Ease and Textual Clarity of German Text Simplifications25 Oct 2025
- 2025Facilitating Cognitive Accessibility with LLMs: A Multi-Task Approach to Easy-to-Read Text Generation1 Oct 2025
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in German25 Aug 2025
- 2025Evaluating the Effectiveness of Direct Preference Optimization for Personalizing German Automatic Text Simplifications for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities2 Jul 2025
- 2025A Structured Literature Review on Traditional Approaches in Current Natural Language Processing19 May 2025
- 2025SimplifyMyText: An LLM-Based System for Inclusive Plain Language Text Simplification19 Apr 2025
- 2024Images Speak Volumes: User-Centric Assessment of Image Generation for Accessible Communication4 Oct 2024
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplification28 Sep 2024
- 2024EASSE-DE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluation for German4 Apr 2024
- 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuning26 Feb 2024
- 2024German Text Simplification: Finetuning Large Language Models with Semi-Synthetic Data16 Feb 2024
- 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuningcited by 13
- 2023Using ChatGPT as a CAT tool in Easy Language translationcited by 2
- 2023Data and Approaches for German Text simplification -- towards an Accessibility-enhanced Communicationcited by 2
- 2024Images Speak Volumes: User-Centric Assessment of Image Generation for Accessible Communicationcited by 2
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in Germancited by 2
- 2025Facilitating Cognitive Accessibility with LLMs: A Multi-Task Approach to Easy-to-Read Text Generationcited by 2
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplificationcited by 1
- 2025SimplifyMyText: An LLM-Based System for Inclusive Plain Language Text Simplificationcited by 1
- 2023Exploring Automatic Text Simplification of German Narrative Documentscited by 0
- 2024EASSE-DE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluation for Germancited by 0
- 2025A Structured Literature Review on Traditional Approaches in Current Natural Language Processingcited by 0
- 2025DETECT: Determining Ease and Textual Clarity of German Text Simplificationscited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Profiling German Text Simplification with Interpretable Model-Fingerprints19 Jan 2026
- 2025DETECT: Determining Ease and Textual Clarity of German Text Simplifications25 Oct 2025
- 2025Facilitating Cognitive Accessibility with LLMs: A Multi-Task Approach to Easy-to-Read Text Generation1 Oct 2025
- 2025German4All -- A Dataset and Model for Readability-Controlled Paraphrasing in German25 Aug 2025
- 2025A Structured Literature Review on Traditional Approaches in Current Natural Language Processing19 May 2025
- 2025SimplifyMyText: An LLM-Based System for Inclusive Plain Language Text Simplification19 Apr 2025
- 2024Images Speak Volumes: User-Centric Assessment of Image Generation for Accessible Communication4 Oct 2024
- 2024Edit-Constrained Decoding for Sentence Simplification28 Sep 2024
- 2024EASSE-DE: Easier Automatic Sentence Simplification Evaluation for German4 Apr 2024
- 2024mEdIT: Multilingual Text Editing via Instruction Tuning26 Feb 2024
- 2023Data and Approaches for German Text simplification -- towards an Accessibility-enhanced Communication15 Dec 2023
- 2023Exploring Automatic Text Simplification of German Narrative Documents15 Dec 2023
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)