THUIR@COLIEE 2023: Incorporating Structural Knowledge into Pre-trained Language Models for Legal Case Retrieval
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Abstract (arXiv)
Legal case retrieval techniques play an essential role in modern intelligent legal systems. As an annually well-known international competition, COLIEE is aiming to achieve the state-of-the-art retrieval model for legal texts. This paper summarizes the approach of the championship team THUIR in COLIEE 2023. To be specific, we design structure-aware pre-trained language models to enhance the understanding of legal cases. Furthermore, we propose heuristic pre-processing and post-processing approaches to reduce the influence of irrelevant messages. In the end, learning-to-rank methods are employed to merge features with different dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our proposal. Official results show that our run has the best performance among all submissions. The implementation of our method can be found at https://github.com/CSHaitao/THUIR-COLIEE2023.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2023.
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18 of 33 references.
References · 18
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2017Decoupled Weight Decay Regularizationcited by 1,831
- 2020RocketQA: An Optimized Training Approach to Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 413
- 2016Bidirectional Attention Flow for Machine Comprehensioncited by 278
- 2021Optimizing Dense Retrieval Model Training with Hard Negativescited by 155
- 2021Lawformer: A Pre-trained Language Model for Chinese Legal Long Documentscited by 116
- 2023SAILER: Structure-aware Pre-trained Language Model for Legal Case Retrievalcited by 62
- 2023T2Ranking: A large-scale Chinese Benchmark for Passage Rankingcited by 60
- 2020RepBERT: Contextualized Text Embeddings for First-Stage Retrievalcited by 46
- 2020Building Legal Case Retrieval Systems with Lexical Matching and Summarization using A Pre-Trained Phrase Scoring Modelcited by 24
- 2022Explainable Legal Case Matching via Inverse Optimal Transport-based Rationale Extractioncited by 21
- 2023Towards Better Web Search Performance: Pre-training, Fine-tuning and Learning to Rankcited by 17
6 more
- 2023Constructing Tree-based Index for Efficient and Effective Dense Retrievalcited by 15
- 2023CaseEncoder: A Knowledge-enhanced Pre-trained Model for Legal Case Encodingcited by 14
- 2023THUIR at WSDM Cup 2023 Task 1: Unbiased Learning to Rankcited by 11
- 2022Case law retrieval: problems, methods, challenges and evaluations in the last 20 yearscited by 10
- 2022Incorporating Explicit Knowledge in Pre-trained Language Models for Passage Re-rankingcited by 10
- 2021DoSSIER@COLIEE 2021: Leveraging dense retrieval and summarization-based re-ranking for case law retrievalcited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Unsupervised Real-Time Hallucination Detection based on the Internal States of Large Language Modelscited by 86
- 2024DRAGIN: Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generation based on the Information Needs of Large Language Modelscited by 63
- 2023LeCaRDv2: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Case Retrieval Datasetcited by 38
- 2025JuDGE: Benchmarking Judgment Document Generation for Chinese Legal Systemcited by 18
- 2024Mitigating Entity-Level Hallucination in Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2023Wikiformer: Pre-training with Structured Information of Wikipedia for Ad-hoc Retrievalcited by 15
- 2024LeKUBE: A Legal Knowledge Update BEnchmarkcited by 12
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionalscited by 10
- 2024DELTA: Pre-train a Discriminative Encoder for Legal Case Retrieval via Structural Word Alignmentcited by 9
- 2023MUSER: A Multi-View Similar Case Retrieval Datasetcited by 8
- 2024LLM vs. Lawyers: Identifying a Subset of Summary Judgments in a Large UK Case Law Datasetcited by 8
- 2023An Intent Taxonomy of Legal Case Retrievalcited by 6
4 more
- 2025LegalSearchLM: Rethinking Legal Case Retrieval as Legal Elements Generationcited by 5
- 2023LEEC: A Legal Element Extraction Dataset with an Extensive Domain-Specific Label Systemcited by 4
- 2024Multi-Facet Blending for Faceted Query-by-Example Retrievalcited by 2
- 2026Generative Chinese Statute Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026Generative Chinese Statute Retrieval13 Jul 2026
- 2025LegalSearchLM: Rethinking Legal Case Retrieval as Legal Elements Generation28 May 2025
- 2025JuDGE: Benchmarking Judgment Document Generation for Chinese Legal System18 Mar 2025
- 2024Multi-Facet Blending for Faceted Query-by-Example Retrieval2 Dec 2024
- 2024LeKUBE: A Legal Knowledge Update BEnchmark19 Jul 2024
- 2024Mitigating Entity-Level Hallucination in Large Language Models12 Jul 2024
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionals21 Jun 2024
- 2024DELTA: Pre-train a Discriminative Encoder for Legal Case Retrieval via Structural Word Alignment27 Mar 2024
- 2024DRAGIN: Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generation based on the Information Needs of Large Language Models15 Mar 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Real-Time Hallucination Detection based on the Internal States of Large Language Models11 Mar 2024
- 2024LLM vs. Lawyers: Identifying a Subset of Summary Judgments in a Large UK Case Law Dataset4 Mar 2024
- 2023Wikiformer: Pre-training with Structured Information of Wikipedia for Ad-hoc Retrieval17 Dec 2023
4 more
- 2024Unsupervised Real-Time Hallucination Detection based on the Internal States of Large Language Modelscited by 86
- 2023LeCaRDv2: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Case Retrieval Datasetcited by 38
- 2024Mitigating Entity-Level Hallucination in Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2023Wikiformer: Pre-training with Structured Information of Wikipedia for Ad-hoc Retrievalcited by 15
- 2024LeKUBE: A Legal Knowledge Update BEnchmarkcited by 12
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionalscited by 10
- 2024DELTA: Pre-train a Discriminative Encoder for Legal Case Retrieval via Structural Word Alignmentcited by 9
- 2023MUSER: A Multi-View Similar Case Retrieval Datasetcited by 8
- 2024LLM vs. Lawyers: Identifying a Subset of Summary Judgments in a Large UK Case Law Datasetcited by 8
- 2023An Intent Taxonomy of Legal Case Retrievalcited by 6
- 2025LegalSearchLM: Rethinking Legal Case Retrieval as Legal Elements Generationcited by 5
- 2023LEEC: A Legal Element Extraction Dataset with an Extensive Domain-Specific Label Systemcited by 4
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Generative Chinese Statute Retrieval13 Jul 2026
- 2025LegalSearchLM: Rethinking Legal Case Retrieval as Legal Elements Generation28 May 2025
- 2024Multi-Facet Blending for Faceted Query-by-Example Retrieval2 Dec 2024
- 2024LeKUBE: A Legal Knowledge Update BEnchmark19 Jul 2024
- 2024Mitigating Entity-Level Hallucination in Large Language Models12 Jul 2024
- 2024STARD: A Chinese Statute Retrieval Dataset with Real Queries Issued by Non-professionals21 Jun 2024
- 2024DELTA: Pre-train a Discriminative Encoder for Legal Case Retrieval via Structural Word Alignment27 Mar 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Real-Time Hallucination Detection based on the Internal States of Large Language Models11 Mar 2024
- 2024LLM vs. Lawyers: Identifying a Subset of Summary Judgments in a Large UK Case Law Dataset4 Mar 2024
- 2023Wikiformer: Pre-training with Structured Information of Wikipedia for Ad-hoc Retrieval17 Dec 2023
- 2023LeCaRDv2: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Case Retrieval Dataset26 Oct 2023
- 2023MUSER: A Multi-View Similar Case Retrieval Dataset24 Oct 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)