Large Language Model Programs
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Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years, large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to follow instructions and perform novel tasks from a few examples. The possibility to parameterise an LLM through such in-context examples widens their capability at a much lower cost than finetuning. We extend this line of reasoning and present a method which further expands the capabilities of an LLM by embedding it within an algorithm or program. To demonstrate the benefits of this approach, we present an illustrative example of evidence-supported question-answering. We obtain a 6.4% improvement over the chain of thought baseline through a more algorithmic approach without any finetuning. Furthermore, we highlight recent work from this perspective and discuss the advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the standard approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 62 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2023.
Builds on
62 of 78 references.
References · 62
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
- 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
- 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,411
- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
38 more
- 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
- 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,745
- 2022Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1,407
- 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
- 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,220
- 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Modelscited by 1,081
- 2022STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoningcited by 940
- 2021Show Your Work: Scratchpads for Intermediate Computation with Language Modelscited by 886
- 2022Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Taskscited by 868
- 2022Galactica: A Large Language Model for Sciencecited by 744
- 2021Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategiescited by 743
- 2022PAL: Program-aided Language Modelscited by 652
- 2022Decomposed Prompting: A Modular Approach for Solving Complex Taskscited by 558
- 2022Socratic Models: Composing Zero-Shot Multimodal Reasoning with Languagecited by 513
- 2021Recursively Summarizing Books with Human Feedbackcited by 290
- 2021AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Promptscited by 268
- 2022Transformers Learn Shortcuts to Automatacited by 268
- 2021Beyond Goldfish Memory: Long-Term Open-Domain Conversationcited by 267
- 2023Looped Transformers as Programmable Computerscited by 237
- 2022Neural Networks and the Chomsky Hierarchycited by 217
- 2021Generated Knowledge Prompting for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 214
- 2022Exploring Length Generalization in Large Language Modelscited by 206
- 2021Societal Biases in Language Generation: Progress and Challengescited by 202
- 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 198
- 2022Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revisioncited by 193
- 2022Talking About Large Language Modelscited by 175
- 2022MRKL Systems: A modular, neuro-symbolic architecture that combines large language models, external knowledge sources and discrete reasoningcited by 156
- 2022PromptChainer: Chaining Large Language Model Prompts through Visual Programmingcited by 134
- 2022Internet-augmented language models through few-shot prompting for open-domain question answeringcited by 131
- 2022Faithful Reasoning Using Large Language Modelscited by 130
- 2020Unsupervised Question Decomposition for Question Answeringcited by 118
- 2021The Devil is in the Detail: Simple Tricks Improve Systematic Generalization of Transformerscited by 117
- 2019On Measuring and Mitigating Biased Inferences of Word Embeddingscited by 112
- 2022Teaching Algorithmic Reasoning via In-context Learningcited by 112
- 2022Block-Recurrent Transformerscited by 110
- 2022Language Model Cascadescited by 107
- 2022Language Models that Seek for Knowledge: Modular Search & Generation for Dialogue and Prompt Completioncited by 102
50 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 1.
11 papers.
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,211
- 2024Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Modelscited by 308
- 2023Frontier AI Regulation: Managing Emerging Risks to Public Safetycited by 98
- 2023LeanContext: Cost-Efficient Domain-Specific Question Answering Using LLMscited by 40
- 2023ANPL: Towards Natural Programming with Interactive Decompositioncited by 13
- 2023The Languini Kitchen: Enabling Language Modelling Research at Different Scales of Computecited by 10
- 2024ProgressGym: Alignment with a Millennium of Moral Progresscited by 9
- 2024STRICTA: Structured Reasoning in Critical Text Assessment for Peer Review and Beyondcited by 5
- 2024Integrating Large Language Models and Reinforcement Learning for Non-Linear Reasoningcited by 1
- 2025Towards more Contextual Agents: An extractor-Generator Optimization Frameworkcited by 1
- 2023LLM Guided Inductive Inference for Solving Compositional Problemscited by 0
- 2025Towards more Contextual Agents: An extractor-Generator Optimization Framework18 Feb 2025
- 2024Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Models20 Dec 2024
- 2024Integrating Large Language Models and Reinforcement Learning for Non-Linear Reasoning17 Oct 2024
- 2024STRICTA: Structured Reasoning in Critical Text Assessment for Peer Review and Beyond9 Sep 2024
- 2024ProgressGym: Alignment with a Millennium of Moral Progress28 Jun 2024
- 2023LLM Guided Inductive Inference for Solving Compositional Problems20 Sep 2023
- 2023The Languini Kitchen: Enabling Language Modelling Research at Different Scales of Compute20 Sep 2023
- 2023LeanContext: Cost-Efficient Domain-Specific Question Answering Using LLMs2 Sep 2023
- 2023Frontier AI Regulation: Managing Emerging Risks to Public Safety6 Jul 2023
- 2023ANPL: Towards Natural Programming with Interactive Decomposition29 May 2023
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models17 May 2023
Similar, not cited
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- 2026Maistros: A Greek Large Language Model Adapted Through Knowledge Distillation From Large Reasoning Models
- 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improve
- 2024Teaching Smaller Language Models To Generalise To Unseen Compositional Questions (Full Thesis)
- 2024Large Language Models Can Self-Improve in Long-context Reasoning
- 2025Advancing Reasoning in Large Language Models: Promising Methods and Approaches
- 2025Evaluating the Meta- and Object-Level Reasoning of Large Language Models for Question Answering
- 2025Method-Based Reasoning for Large Language Models: Extraction, Reuse, and Continuous Improvement
- 2024MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMs