mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Large Language Model Programs

arXiv 2305.05364 ↗First posted 9 May 2023cs.LG cs.AI cs.CLcited by 11

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Abstract (arXiv)

In recent years, large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to follow instructions and perform novel tasks from a few examples. The possibility to parameterise an LLM through such in-context examples widens their capability at a much lower cost than finetuning. We extend this line of reasoning and present a method which further expands the capabilities of an LLM by embedding it within an algorithm or program. To demonstrate the benefits of this approach, we present an illustrative example of evidence-supported question-answering. We obtain a 6.4% improvement over the chain of thought baseline through a more algorithmic approach without any finetuning. Furthermore, we highlight recent work from this perspective and discuss the advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the standard approaches.

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 62 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 May 2023.

Builds on

62 of 78 references.

References · 62

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
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38 more
  1. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  2. 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
  3. 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,745
  4. 2022Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1,407
  5. 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
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  12. 2021Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategiescited by 743
  13. 2022PAL: Program-aided Language Modelscited by 652
  14. 2022Decomposed Prompting: A Modular Approach for Solving Complex Taskscited by 558
  15. 2022Socratic Models: Composing Zero-Shot Multimodal Reasoning with Languagecited by 513
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  17. 2021AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Promptscited by 268
  18. 2022Transformers Learn Shortcuts to Automatacited by 268
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  20. 2023Looped Transformers as Programmable Computerscited by 237
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  26. 2022Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revisioncited by 193
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 1.

11 papers.

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  1. 2026Maistros: A Greek Large Language Model Adapted Through Knowledge Distillation From Large Reasoning Models
  2. 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improve
  3. 2024Teaching Smaller Language Models To Generalise To Unseen Compositional Questions (Full Thesis)
  4. 2024Large Language Models Can Self-Improve in Long-context Reasoning
  5. 2025Advancing Reasoning in Large Language Models: Promising Methods and Approaches
  6. 2025Evaluating the Meta- and Object-Level Reasoning of Large Language Models for Question Answering
  7. 2025Method-Based Reasoning for Large Language Models: Extraction, Reuse, and Continuous Improvement
  8. 2024MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMs