mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Measuring Massive Multitask Chinese Understanding

arXiv 2304.12986 ↗First posted 25 Apr 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 25

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Abstract (arXiv)

The development of large-scale Chinese language models is flourishing, yet there is a lack of corresponding capability assessments. Therefore, we propose a test to measure the multitask accuracy of large Chinese language models. This test encompasses four major domains, including medicine, law, psychology, and education, with 15 subtasks in medicine and 8 subtasks in education. We found that the best-performing models in the zero-shot setting outperformed the worst-performing models by nearly 18.6 percentage points on average. Across the four major domains, the highest average zero-shot accuracy of all models is 0.512. In the subdomains, only the GPT-3.5-turbo model achieved a zero-shot accuracy of 0.693 in clinical medicine, which was the highest accuracy among all models across all subtasks. All models performed poorly in the legal domain, with the highest zero-shot accuracy reaching only 0.239. By comprehensively evaluating the breadth and depth of knowledge across multiple disciplines, this test can more accurately identify the shortcomings of the models.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 3 of its 6 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Apr 2023.

Builds on

3 of 6 references.

References · 3

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  3. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,031

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 2,212
  2. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 708
  3. 2023CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinesecited by 449
  4. 2023Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 202
  5. 2023SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Modelscited by 199
  6. 2023Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam -- A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Datasetcited by 91
  7. 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibilitycited by 85
  8. 2023Xiezhi: An Ever-Updating Benchmark for Holistic Domain Knowledge Evaluationcited by 52
  9. 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Quantization Strategies for Large Language Modelscited by 48
  10. 2024Large Language Models for Education: A Surveycited by 34
  11. 2023DialogBench: Evaluating LLMs as Human-like Dialogue Systemscited by 31
  12. 2023M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Modelscited by 30
13 more
  1. 2023An Empirical Study of Instruction-tuning Large Language Models in Chinesecited by 17
  2. 2023CLEVA: Chinese Language Models EVAluation Platformcited by 13
  3. 2024E-EVAL: A Comprehensive Chinese K-12 Education Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 13
  4. 2023Evaluating the Generation Capabilities of Large Chinese Language Modelscited by 11
  5. 2026ERNIE 5.0 Technical Reportcited by 11
  6. 2024Dr.Academy: A Benchmark for Evaluating Questioning Capability in Education for Large Language Modelscited by 6
  7. 2025AECBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Knowledge Evaluation of Large Language Models in the AEC Fieldcited by 6
  8. 2025ADEPT: Continual Pretraining via Adaptive Expansion and Dynamic Decoupled Tuningcited by 5
  9. 2024What is the best model? Application-driven Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 4
  10. 2024Online Training of Large Language Models: Learn while chattingcited by 3
  11. 2024Revolutionizing Bridge Operation and Maintenance with LLM-based Agents: An Overview of Applications and Insightscited by 3
  12. 2025Identity Lock: Locking API Fine-tuned LLMs With Identity-based Wake Wordscited by 2
  13. 2025EduEval: A Hierarchical Cognitive Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Chinese Educationcited by 2