mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning Robust, Agile, Natural Legged Locomotion Skills in the Wild

arXiv 2304.10888 ↗First posted 21 Apr 2023cs.RO cs.AIcited by 8

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, reinforcement learning has become a promising and polular solution for robot legged locomotion. Compared to model-based control, reinforcement learning based controllers can achieve better robustness against uncertainties of environments through sim-to-real learning. However, the corresponding learned gaits are in general overly conservative and unatural. In this paper, we propose a new framework for learning robust, agile and natural legged locomotion skills over challenging terrain. We incorporate an adversarial training branch based on real animal locomotion data upon a teacher-student training pipeline for robust sim-to-real transfer. Empirical results on both simulation and real world of a quadruped robot demonstrate that our proposed algorithm enables robustly traversing challenging terrains such as stairs, rocky ground and slippery floor with only proprioceptive perception. Meanwhile, the gaits are more agile, natural, and energy efficient compared to the baselines. Both qualitative and quantitative results are presented in this paper.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Apr 2023.

Builds on

23 of 36 references.

References · 23

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  2. 2015High-Dimensional Continuous Control Using Generalized Advantage Estimationcited by 2,026
  3. 2021Isaac Gym: High Performance GPU-Based Physics Simulation For Robot Learningcited by 998
  4. 2020Learning Quadrupedal Locomotion over Challenging Terraincited by 604
  5. 2021Learning to Walk in Minutes Using Massively Parallel Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 512
  6. 2021RMA: Rapid Motor Adaptation for Legged Robotscited by 508
  7. 2022DayDreamer: World Models for Physical Robot Learningcited by 400
  8. 2022Learning robust perceptive locomotion for quadrupedal robots in the wildcited by 382
  9. 2020Learning Agile Robotic Locomotion Skills by Imitating Animalscited by 251
  10. 2022Rapid Locomotion via Reinforcement Learningcited by 168
  11. 2020Sim-to-Real Learning of All Common Bipedal Gaits via Periodic Reward Compositioncited by 96
  12. 2021Blind Bipedal Stair Traversal via Sim-to-Real Reinforcement Learningcited by 92
11 more
  1. 2022Adversarial Motion Priors Make Good Substitutes for Complex Reward Functionscited by 89
  2. 2022Concurrent Training of a Control Policy and a State Estimator for Dynamic and Robust Legged Locomotioncited by 88
  3. 2022A Walk in the Park: Learning to Walk in 20 Minutes With Model-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 83
  4. 2021Learning Vision-Guided Quadrupedal Locomotion End-to-End with Cross-Modal Transformerscited by 79
  5. 2020Dynamics Randomization Revisited:A Case Study for Quadrupedal Locomotioncited by 59
  6. 2022Adapting Rapid Motor Adaptation for Bipedal Robotscited by 54
  7. 2021Learning to Jump from Pixelscited by 45
  8. 2019Robust Recovery Controller for a Quadrupedal Robot using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
  9. 2020Emergent Real-World Robotic Skills via Unsupervised Off-Policy Reinforcement Learningcited by 31
  10. 2022Imitate and Repurpose: Learning Reusable Robot Movement Skills From Human and Animal Behaviorscited by 30
  11. 2019Iterative Reinforcement Learning Based Design of Dynamic Locomotion Skills for Cassiecited by 14

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Experience-Learning Inspired Two-Step Reward Method for Efficient Legged Locomotion Learning Towards Natural and Robust Gaits
  2. 2025Learning Terrain-Specialized Policies for Adaptive Locomotion in Challenging Environments
  3. 2025Motion Priors Reimagined: Adapting Flat-Terrain Skills for Complex Quadruped Mobility
  4. 2023Learning Terrain-Adaptive Locomotion with Agile Behaviors by Imitating Animals
  5. 2025Robust Humanoid Walking on Compliant and Uneven Terrain with Deep Reinforcement Learning
  6. 2024A Learning Framework for Diverse Legged Robot Locomotion Using Barrier-Based Style Rewards
  7. 2026Agile perceptive multi-skill locomotion for quadrupedal robots in the wild
  8. 2024Learning to walk in confined spaces using 3D representation