Fast as CHITA: Neural Network Pruning with Combinatorial Optimization
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Abstract (arXiv)
The sheer size of modern neural networks makes model serving a serious computational challenge. A popular class of compression techniques overcomes this challenge by pruning or sparsifying the weights of pretrained networks. While useful, these techniques often face serious tradeoffs between computational requirements and compression quality. In this work, we propose a novel optimization-based pruning framework that considers the combined effect of pruning (and updating) multiple weights subject to a sparsity constraint. Our approach, CHITA, extends the classical Optimal Brain Surgeon framework and results in significant improvements in speed, memory, and performance over existing optimization-based approaches for network pruning. CHITA's main workhorse performs combinatorial optimization updates on a memory-friendly representation of local quadratic approximation(s) of the loss function. On a standard benchmark of pretrained models and datasets, CHITA leads to significantly better sparsity-accuracy tradeoffs than competing methods. For example, for MLPNet with only 2% of the weights retained, our approach improves the accuracy by 63% relative to the state of the art. Furthermore, when used in conjunction with fine-tuning SGD steps, our method achieves significant accuracy gains over the state-of-the-art approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2023.
Builds on
21 of 42 references.
References · 21
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2015Learning both Weights and Connections for Efficient Neural Networkscited by 2,031
- 2017To prune, or not to prune: exploring the efficacy of pruning for model compressioncited by 603
- 2020What is the State of Neural Network Pruning?cited by 583
- 2019Rigging the Lottery: Making All Tickets Winnerscited by 495
- 2019The State of Sparsity in Deep Neural Networkscited by 476
- 2019PyHessian: Neural Networks Through the Lens of the Hessiancited by 292
- 2017Variational Dropout Sparsifies Deep Neural Networkscited by 265
- 2017Learning to Prune Deep Neural Networks via Layer-wise Optimal Brain Surgeoncited by 221
- 2019Sparse Networks from Scratch: Faster Training without Losing Performancecited by 213
- 2020Compressing BERT: Studying the Effects of Weight Pruning on Transfer Learningcited by 185
- 2020Soft Threshold Weight Reparameterization for Learnable Sparsitycited by 151
9 more
- 2015Best Subset Selection via a Modern Optimization Lenscited by 100
- 2019Discovering Neural Wiringscited by 56
- 2021M-FAC: Efficient Matrix-Free Approximations of Second-Order Informationcited by 54
- 2018Fast Best Subset Selection: Coordinate Descent and Local Combinatorial Optimization Algorithmscited by 53
- 2020Sparse Regression at Scale: Branch-and-Bound rooted in First-Order Optimizationcited by 45
- 2019On the interplay between noise and curvature and its effect on optimization and generalizationcited by 44
- 2017Sparse High-Dimensional Regression: Exact Scalable Algorithms and Phase Transitionscited by 43
- 2022The Combinatorial Brain Surgeon: Pruning Weights That Cancel One Another in Neural Networkscited by 41
- 2021Cardinality Minimization, Constraints, and Regularization: A Surveycited by 12
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 15; 2025: 15; 2026: 6.
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- 2023A Simple and Effective Pruning Approach for Large Language Modelscited by 800
- 2023Scaling Laws for Sparsely-Connected Foundation Modelscited by 43
- 2024Everybody Prune Now: Structured Pruning of LLMs with only Forward Passescited by 43
- 2024OATS: Outlier-Aware Pruning Through Sparse and Low Rank Decompositioncited by 20
- 2024ALPS: Improved Optimization for Highly Sparse One-Shot Pruning for Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024OSSCAR: One-Shot Structured Pruning in Vision and Language Models with Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 18
- 2024MULTIFLOW: Shifting Towards Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruningcited by 13
- 2024FALCON: FLOP-Aware Combinatorial Optimization for Neural Network Pruningcited by 11
- 2023How Sparse Can We Prune A Deep Network: A Fundamental Limit Perspectivecited by 9
- 2024The Iterative Optimal Brain Surgeon: Faster Sparse Recovery by Leveraging Second-Order Informationcited by 8
- 2024LayerMerge: Neural Network Depth Compression through Layer Pruning and Mergingcited by 7
- 2025Signal Collapse in One-Shot Pruning: When Sparse Models Fail to Distinguish Neural Representationscited by 5
28 more
- 2025SAFE: Finding Sparse and Flat Minima to Improve Pruningcited by 5
- 2025SparseSSM: Efficient Selective Structured State Space Models Can Be Pruned in One-Shotcited by 5
- 2024A Rescaling-Invariant Lipschitz Bound Based on Path-Metrics for Modern ReLU Network Parameterizationscited by 4
- 2024Free Lunch in the Forest: Functionally-Identical Pruning of Boosted Tree Ensemblescited by 4
- 2025HASSLE-free: A unified Framework for Sparse plus Low-Rank Matrix Decomposition for LLMscited by 3
- 2025Optimal Brain Apoptosiscited by 3
- 2025Scaling Up Efficient Small Language Models Serving and Deployment for Semantic Job Searchcited by 3
- 2023SWAP: Sparse Entropic Wasserstein Regression for Robust Network Pruningcited by 2
- 2024Less is KEN: a Universal and Simple Non-Parametric Pruning Algorithm for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Scaling Down, Serving Fast: Compressing and Deploying Efficient LLMs for Recommendation Systemscited by 2
- 2025An Optimization Framework for Differentially Private Sparse Fine-Tuningcited by 2
- 2025Data-Free Pruning of Self-Attention Layers in LLMscited by 2
- 2026Relaxation-Informed Training of Neural Network Surrogate Modelscited by 2
- 2024Is On-Device AI Broken and Exploitable? Assessing the Trust and Ethics in Small Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Confident magnitude-based neural network pruningcited by 1
- 2024A Granger-Causal Perspective on Gradient Descent with Application to Pruningcited by 1
- 2025LiteLMGuard: Seamless and Lightweight On-Device Prompt Filtering for Safeguarding Small Language Models against Quantization-induced Risks and Vulnerabilitiescited by 1
- 2025Theoretical Compression Bounds for Wide Multilayer Perceptronscited by 1
- 2026Routing the Lottery: Adaptive Subnetworks for Heterogeneous Datacited by 1
- 2026PACE: Prune-And-Compress Ensemble Modelscited by 1
- 2024SequentialAttention++ for Block Sparsification: Differentiable Pruning Meets Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025Optimization over Trained (and Sparse) Neural Networks: A Surrogate within a Surrogatecited by 0
- 2025TSENOR: Highly-Efficient Algorithm for Finding Transposable N:M Sparse Maskscited by 0
- 2025Application-Specific Component-Aware Structured Pruning of Deep Neural Networks in Control via Soft Coefficient Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025Winning the Lottery by Preserving Network Training Dynamics with Concrete Ticket Searchcited by 0
- 2026Neural Network Pruning via QUBO Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026STARFISH: faST Accuracy Recovery in pruned networks From Internal State Healingcited by 0
- 2026Layerwise Decoupling for Stable Structured Sparsification of Fully Connected Layerscited by 0
- 2026Layerwise Decoupling for Stable Structured Sparsification of Fully Connected Layers17 Sep 2026
- 2026STARFISH: faST Accuracy Recovery in pruned networks From Internal State Healing31 May 2026
- 2026PACE: Prune-And-Compress Ensemble Models7 May 2026
- 2026Relaxation-Informed Training of Neural Network Surrogate Models24 Apr 2026
- 2026Neural Network Pruning via QUBO Optimization7 Apr 2026
- 2026Routing the Lottery: Adaptive Subnetworks for Heterogeneous Data29 Jan 2026
- 2025Winning the Lottery by Preserving Network Training Dynamics with Concrete Ticket Search8 Dec 2025
- 2025Theoretical Compression Bounds for Wide Multilayer Perceptrons6 Dec 2025
- 2025Data-Free Pruning of Self-Attention Layers in LLMs3 Dec 2025
- 2025Scaling Up Efficient Small Language Models Serving and Deployment for Semantic Job Search25 Oct 2025
- 2025Application-Specific Component-Aware Structured Pruning of Deep Neural Networks in Control via Soft Coefficient Optimization20 Jul 2025
- 2025SparseSSM: Efficient Selective Structured State Space Models Can Be Pruned in One-Shot11 Jun 2025
28 more
- 2025SAFE: Finding Sparse and Flat Minima to Improve Pruning7 Jun 2025
- 2025TSENOR: Highly-Efficient Algorithm for Finding Transposable N:M Sparse Masks29 May 2025
- 2025LiteLMGuard: Seamless and Lightweight On-Device Prompt Filtering for Safeguarding Small Language Models against Quantization-induced Risks and Vulnerabilities8 May 2025
- 2025Optimization over Trained (and Sparse) Neural Networks: A Surrogate within a Surrogate4 May 2025
- 2025An Optimization Framework for Differentially Private Sparse Fine-Tuning17 Mar 2025
- 2025Optimal Brain Apoptosis25 Feb 2025
- 2025Scaling Down, Serving Fast: Compressing and Deploying Efficient LLMs for Recommendation Systems20 Feb 2025
- 2025Signal Collapse in One-Shot Pruning: When Sparse Models Fail to Distinguish Neural Representations18 Feb 2025
- 2025HASSLE-free: A unified Framework for Sparse plus Low-Rank Matrix Decomposition for LLMs2 Feb 2025
- 2024A Granger-Causal Perspective on Gradient Descent with Application to Pruning4 Dec 2024
- 2024OATS: Outlier-Aware Pruning Through Sparse and Low Rank Decomposition20 Sep 2024
- 2024The Iterative Optimal Brain Surgeon: Faster Sparse Recovery by Leveraging Second-Order Information30 Aug 2024
- 2024Free Lunch in the Forest: Functionally-Identical Pruning of Boosted Tree Ensembles28 Aug 2024
- 2024Confident magnitude-based neural network pruning8 Aug 2024
- 2024LayerMerge: Neural Network Depth Compression through Layer Pruning and Merging18 Jun 2024
- 2024ALPS: Improved Optimization for Highly Sparse One-Shot Pruning for Large Language Models12 Jun 2024
- 2024Is On-Device AI Broken and Exploitable? Assessing the Trust and Ethics in Small Language Models8 Jun 2024
- 2024A Rescaling-Invariant Lipschitz Bound Based on Path-Metrics for Modern ReLU Network Parameterizations23 May 2024
- 2024MULTIFLOW: Shifting Towards Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruning8 Apr 2024
- 2024FALCON: FLOP-Aware Combinatorial Optimization for Neural Network Pruning11 Mar 2024
- 2024OSSCAR: One-Shot Structured Pruning in Vision and Language Models with Combinatorial Optimization2 Mar 2024
- 2024SequentialAttention++ for Block Sparsification: Differentiable Pruning Meets Combinatorial Optimization27 Feb 2024
- 2024Everybody Prune Now: Structured Pruning of LLMs with only Forward Passes8 Feb 2024
- 2024Less is KEN: a Universal and Simple Non-Parametric Pruning Algorithm for Large Language Models5 Feb 2024
- 2023SWAP: Sparse Entropic Wasserstein Regression for Robust Network Pruning7 Oct 2023
- 2023Scaling Laws for Sparsely-Connected Foundation Models15 Sep 2023
- 2023A Simple and Effective Pruning Approach for Large Language Models20 Jun 2023
- 2023How Sparse Can We Prune A Deep Network: A Fundamental Limit Perspective9 Jun 2023
- 2023A Simple and Effective Pruning Approach for Large Language Modelscited by 800
- 2023Scaling Laws for Sparsely-Connected Foundation Modelscited by 43
- 2024Everybody Prune Now: Structured Pruning of LLMs with only Forward Passescited by 43
- 2024OATS: Outlier-Aware Pruning Through Sparse and Low Rank Decompositioncited by 20
- 2024ALPS: Improved Optimization for Highly Sparse One-Shot Pruning for Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024OSSCAR: One-Shot Structured Pruning in Vision and Language Models with Combinatorial Optimizationcited by 18
- 2024FALCON: FLOP-Aware Combinatorial Optimization for Neural Network Pruningcited by 11
- 2023How Sparse Can We Prune A Deep Network: A Fundamental Limit Perspectivecited by 9
- 2024The Iterative Optimal Brain Surgeon: Faster Sparse Recovery by Leveraging Second-Order Informationcited by 8
- 2024LayerMerge: Neural Network Depth Compression through Layer Pruning and Mergingcited by 7
- 2025Signal Collapse in One-Shot Pruning: When Sparse Models Fail to Distinguish Neural Representationscited by 5
- 2025SAFE: Finding Sparse and Flat Minima to Improve Pruningcited by 5
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Layerwise Decoupling for Stable Structured Sparsification of Fully Connected Layers17 Sep 2026
- 2026STARFISH: faST Accuracy Recovery in pruned networks From Internal State Healing31 May 2026
- 2026PACE: Prune-And-Compress Ensemble Models7 May 2026
- 2026Relaxation-Informed Training of Neural Network Surrogate Models24 Apr 2026
- 2026Neural Network Pruning via QUBO Optimization7 Apr 2026
- 2026Routing the Lottery: Adaptive Subnetworks for Heterogeneous Data29 Jan 2026
- 2025Winning the Lottery by Preserving Network Training Dynamics with Concrete Ticket Search8 Dec 2025
- 2025Theoretical Compression Bounds for Wide Multilayer Perceptrons6 Dec 2025
- 2025Data-Free Pruning of Self-Attention Layers in LLMs3 Dec 2025
- 2025Scaling Up Efficient Small Language Models Serving and Deployment for Semantic Job Search25 Oct 2025
- 2025Application-Specific Component-Aware Structured Pruning of Deep Neural Networks in Control via Soft Coefficient Optimization20 Jul 2025
- 2025SAFE: Finding Sparse and Flat Minima to Improve Pruning7 Jun 2025
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)