Reconstruction-based Out-of-Distribution Detection for Short-Range FMCW Radar
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Abstract (arXiv)
Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection recently has drawn attention due to its critical role in the safe deployment of modern neural network architectures in real-world applications. The OOD detectors aim to distinguish samples that lie outside the training distribution in order to avoid the overconfident predictions of machine learning models on OOD data. Existing detectors, which mainly rely on the logit, intermediate feature space, softmax score, or reconstruction loss, manage to produce promising results. However, most of these methods are developed for the image domain. In this study, we propose a novel reconstruction-based OOD detector to operate on the radar domain. Our method exploits an autoencoder (AE) and its latent representation to detect the OOD samples. We propose two scores incorporating the patch-based reconstruction loss and the energy value calculated from the latent representations of each patch. We achieve an AUROC of 90.72% on our dataset collected by using 60 GHz short-range FMCW Radar. The experiments demonstrate that, in terms of AUROC and AUPR, our method outperforms the baseline (AE) and the other state-of-the-art methods. Also, thanks to its model size of 641 kB, our detector is suitable for embedded usage.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2023.
Builds on
30 of 38 references.
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18 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
6 papers.
- 2023HOOD: Real-Time Human Presence and Out-of-Distribution Detection Using FMCW Radarcited by 4
- 2023HAROOD: Human Activity Classification and Out-of-Distribution Detection with Short-Range FMCW Radarcited by 4
- 2025Unsupervised Time-Series Signal Analysis with Autoencoders and Vision Transformers: A Review of Architectures and Applicationscited by 3
- 2024FOOD: Facial Authentication and Out-of-Distribution Detection with Short-Range FMCW Radarcited by 2
- 2024FERT: Real-Time Facial Expression Recognition with Short-Range FMCW Radarcited by 0
- 2025FARE: A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Radar-based Face Recognition and Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Unsupervised Time-Series Signal Analysis with Autoencoders and Vision Transformers: A Review of Architectures and Applications23 Apr 2025
- 2025FARE: A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Radar-based Face Recognition and Out-of-distribution Detection14 Jan 2025
- 2024FERT: Real-Time Facial Expression Recognition with Short-Range FMCW Radar18 Nov 2024
- 2024FOOD: Facial Authentication and Out-of-Distribution Detection with Short-Range FMCW Radar6 Jun 2024
- 2023HAROOD: Human Activity Classification and Out-of-Distribution Detection with Short-Range FMCW Radar14 Dec 2023
- 2023HOOD: Real-Time Human Presence and Out-of-Distribution Detection Using FMCW Radar24 Jul 2023