mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ChatGPT: A Meta-Analysis after 2.5 Months

arXiv 2302.13795 ↗First posted 20 Feb 2023cs.CLcited by 50

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Abstract (arXiv)

ChatGPT, a chatbot developed by OpenAI, has gained widespread popularity and media attention since its release in November 2022. However, little hard evidence is available regarding its perception in various sources. In this paper, we analyze over 300,000 tweets and more than 150 scientific papers to investigate how ChatGPT is perceived and discussed. Our findings show that ChatGPT is generally viewed as of high quality, with positive sentiment and emotions of joy dominating in social media. Its perception has slightly decreased since its debut, however, with joy decreasing and (negative) surprise on the rise, and it is perceived more negatively in languages other than English. In recent scientific papers, ChatGPT is characterized as a great opportunity across various fields including the medical domain, but also as a threat concerning ethics and receives mixed assessments for education. Our comprehensive meta-analysis of ChatGPT's current perception after 2.5 months since its release can contribute to shaping the public debate and informing its future development. We make our data available.

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Feb 2023.

Builds on

9 of 18 references.

References · 9

  1. 2020GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotionscited by 479
  2. 2023Mathematical Capabilities of ChatGPTcited by 263
  3. 2023A Categorical Archive of ChatGPT Failurescited by 167
  4. 2021XLM-T: Multilingual Language Models in Twitter for Sentiment Analysis and Beyondcited by 114
  5. 2022ChatGPT: The End of Online Exam Integrity?cited by 88
  6. 2021The Dangers of Underclaiming: Reasons for Caution When Reporting How NLP Systems Failcited by 38
  7. 2022"I think this is the most disruptive technology": Exploring Sentiments of ChatGPT Early Adopters using Twitter Datacited by 32
  8. 2022Twitter Topic Classificationcited by 22
  9. 2019Predicting Research Trends From Arxivcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 28; 2024: 11; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 224
  2. 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
  3. 2023Is ChatGPT Fair for Recommendation? Evaluating Fairness in Large Language Model Recommendationcited by 113
  4. 2023LLMs for Knowledge Graph Construction and Reasoning: Recent Capabilities and Future Opportunitiescited by 97
  5. 2023Empowering Molecule Discovery for Molecule-Caption Translation with Large Language Models: A ChatGPT Perspectivecited by 91
  6. 2023RenAIssance: A Survey into AI Text-to-Image Generation in the Era of Large Modelcited by 47
  7. 2023Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models in Computational Argumentationcited by 42
  8. 2023Advancements in Generative AI: A Comprehensive Review of GANs, GPT, Autoencoders, Diffusion Model, and Transformerscited by 35
  9. 2024Revisiting Zero-Shot Abstractive Summarization in the Era of Large Language Models from the Perspective of Position Biascited by 28
  10. 2023Toward Understanding Generative Data Augmentationcited by 25
  11. 2023Translate Meanings, Not Just Words: IdiomKB's Role in Optimizing Idiomatic Translation with Language Modelscited by 23
  12. 2023The Eval4NLP 2023 Shared Task on Prompting Large Language Models as Explainable Metricscited by 23
38 more
  1. 2023ChoiceMates: Supporting Unfamiliar Online Decision-Making with Multi-Agent Conversational Interactionscited by 22
  2. 2023ChatGPT Participates in a Computer Science Examcited by 19
  3. 2023Automated Claim Matching with Large Language Models: Empowering Fact-Checkers in the Fight Against Misinformationcited by 18
  4. 2024Targeted Unlearning with Single Layer Unlearning Gradientcited by 16
  5. 2024Nimbus: Secure and Efficient Two-Party Inference for Transformerscited by 15
  6. 2023Multidimensional Evaluation for Text Style Transfer Using ChatGPTcited by 12
  7. 2023An Assessment of ChatGPT on Log Datacited by 11
  8. 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Taskscited by 11
  9. 2023Cross-lingual Cross-temporal Summarization: Dataset, Models, Evaluationcited by 8
  10. 2023MyCrunchGPT: A chatGPT assisted framework for scientific machine learningcited by 8
  11. 2024Why Does ChatGPT "Delve" So Much? Exploring the Sources of Lexical Overrepresentation in Large Language Modelscited by 8
  12. 2025Fine-Grained Uncertainty Decomposition in Large Language Models: A Spectral Approachcited by 8
  13. 2024ChatGPT Role-play Dataset: Analysis of User Motives and Model Naturalnesscited by 7
  14. 2023Public Attitudes Toward ChatGPT on Twitter: Sentiments, Topics, and Occupationscited by 6
  15. 2024Exploring ChatGPT and its Impact on Societycited by 6
  16. 2025REALM: A Dataset of Real-World LLM Use Casescited by 6
  17. 2023ChatGPT-EDSS: Empathetic Dialogue Speech Synthesis Trained from ChatGPT-derived Context Word Embeddingscited by 4
  18. 2024Stars, Stripes, and Silicon: Unravelling the ChatGPT's All-American, Monochrome, Cis-centric Biascited by 4
  19. 2023R2-Diff: Denoising by diffusion as a refinement of retrieved motion for image-based motion predictioncited by 3
  20. 2023NLLG Quarterly arXiv Report 06/23: What are the most influential current AI Papers?cited by 3
  21. 2024T-Rex: Text-assisted Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 3
  22. 2023Interpretable multimodal sentiment analysis based on textual modality descriptions by using large-scale language modelscited by 2
  23. 2025"Would You Want an AI Tutor?" Understanding Stakeholder Perceptions of LLM-based Systems in the Classroomcited by 2
  24. 2023The impact and applications of ChatGPT: a systematic review of literature reviewscited by 1
  25. 2023Cross-Genre Argument Mining: Can Language Models Automatically Fill in Missing Discourse Markers?cited by 1
  26. 2023A generic self-supervised learning (SSL) framework for representation learning from spectra-spatial feature of unlabeled remote sensing imagerycited by 1
  27. 2023External Reasoning: Towards Multi-Large-Language-Models Interchangeable Assistance with Human Feedbackcited by 1
  28. 2024Is there really a Citation Age Bias in NLP?cited by 1
  29. 2025Winning and losing with Artificial Intelligence: What public discourse about ChatGPT tells us about how societies make sense of technological changecited by 1
  30. 2025ClusterFusion: Expanding Operator Fusion Scope for LLM Inference via Cluster-Level Collective Primitivecited by 1
  31. 2026Evaluating ChatGPT on Medical Information Extraction Tasks: Performance, Explainability and Beyondcited by 1
  32. 2026Beyond Accuracy: Community Perspectives on Machine Translationcited by 1
  33. 2023ChatGPT or academic scientist? Distinguishing authorship with over 99% accuracy using off-the-shelf machine learning toolscited by 0
  34. 2023Mapping ChatGPT in Mainstream Media to Unravel Jobs and Diversity Challenges: Early Quantitative Insights through Sentiment Analysis and Word Frequency Analysiscited by 0
  35. 2025An Efficient Private GPT Never Autoregressively Decodescited by 0
  36. 2025In Generative AI We (Dis)Trust? Computational Analysis of Trust and Distrust in Reddit Discussionscited by 0
  37. 2025Who Has The Final Say? Conformity Dynamics in ChatGPT's Selectionscited by 0
  38. 2026LLM-CoOpt: A Co-Design and Optimization Framework for Efficient LLM Inference on Heterogeneous Platformscited by 0