Geometry of Score Based Generative Models
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling
Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we look at Score-based generative models (also called diffusion generative models) from a geometric perspective. From a new view point, we prove that both the forward and backward process of adding noise and generating from noise are Wasserstein gradient flow in the space of probability measures. We are the first to prove this connection. Our understanding of Score-based (and Diffusion) generative models have matured and become more complete by drawing ideas from different fields like Bayesian inference, control theory, stochastic differential equation and Schrodinger bridge. However, many open questions and challenges remain. One problem, for example, is how to decrease the sampling time? We demonstrate that looking from geometric perspective enables us to answer many of these questions and provide new interpretations to some known results. Furthermore, geometric perspective enables us to devise an intuitive geometric solution to the problem of faster sampling. By augmenting traditional score-based generative models with a projection step, we show that we can generate high quality images with significantly fewer sampling-steps.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 20 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2023.
Builds on
20 of 27 references.
Closest ancestors · 8
Same direction, newest first
- 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Steps2 Jun
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models20 Dec
- 2021Variational Diffusion Models1 Jul
- 2021A Variational Perspective on Diffusion-Based Generative Models and Score Matching5 Jun
- 2021Diffusion Schr"odinger Bridge with Applications to Score-Based Generative Modeling1 Jun
- 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis11 May
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations26 Nov
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun
Other references · 12
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
- 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
- 2021SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 1,903
- 2021Likelihood Training of Schr"odinger Bridge using Forward-Backward SDEs Theorycited by 216
- 2016A Theory of Generative ConvNetcited by 174
- 2018Sampling as optimization in the space of measures: The Langevin dynamics as a composite optimization problemcited by 123
- 2019Flow Contrastive Estimation of Energy-Based Modelscited by 75
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of Compositional Energy Conceptscited by 71
- 2020A Non-Asymptotic Analysis for Stein Variational Gradient Descentcited by 61
- 2022WaveFit: An Iterative and Non-autoregressive Neural Vocoder based on Fixed-Point Iterationcited by 20
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
7 papers.
- 2023Towards Faster Non-Asymptotic Convergence for Diffusion-Based Generative Modelscited by 84
- 2024A Sharp Convergence Theory for The Probability Flow ODEs of Diffusion Modelscited by 64
- 2023Correlated and Multi-frequency Diffusion Modeling for Highly Under-sampled MRI Reconstructioncited by 14
- 2025The Spacetime of Diffusion Models: An Information Geometry Perspectivecited by 6
- 2025Are We Really Learning the Score Function? Reinterpreting Diffusion Models Through Wasserstein Gradient Flow Matchingcited by 5
- 2023Deep Generative Modeling with Backward Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 0
- 2024Resistive Memory-based Neural Differential Equation Solver for Score-based Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025Are We Really Learning the Score Function? Reinterpreting Diffusion Models Through Wasserstein Gradient Flow Matching30 Aug 2025
- 2025The Spacetime of Diffusion Models: An Information Geometry Perspective23 May 2025
- 2024A Sharp Convergence Theory for The Probability Flow ODEs of Diffusion Models5 Aug 2024
- 2024Resistive Memory-based Neural Differential Equation Solver for Score-based Diffusion Model8 Apr 2024
- 2023Correlated and Multi-frequency Diffusion Modeling for Highly Under-sampled MRI Reconstruction2 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Faster Non-Asymptotic Convergence for Diffusion-Based Generative Models15 Jun 2023
- 2023Deep Generative Modeling with Backward Stochastic Differential Equations8 Apr 2023
Similar, not cited
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- 2022Score-based Generative Modeling Secretly Minimizes the Wasserstein Distance
- 2022How Much is Enough? A Study on Diffusion Times in Score-based Generative Models
- 2022Sampling is as easy as learning the score: theory for diffusion models with minimal data assumptions
- 2025Geometric Regularity in Deterministic Sampling Dynamics of Diffusion-based Generative Models
- 2023On diffusion-based generative models and their error bounds: The log-concave case with full convergence estimates
- 2022Subspace Diffusion Generative Models
- 2026A Unified Measure-Theoretic View of Diffusion, Score-Based, and Flow Matching Generative Models
- 2021Conditional Image Generation with Score-Based Diffusion Models