A Multi-Level Framework for the AI Alignment Problem
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment
Abstract (arXiv)
AI alignment considers how we can encode AI systems in a way that is compatible with human values. The normative side of this problem asks what moral values or principles, if any, we should encode in AI. To this end, we present a framework to consider the question at four levels: Individual, Organizational, National, and Global. We aim to illustrate how AI alignment is made up of value alignment problems at each of these levels, where values at each level affect the others and effects can flow in either direction. We outline key questions and considerations of each level and demonstrate an application of this framework to the topic of AI content moderation.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 4 of its 14 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jan 2023.
Builds on
4 of 14 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
- 2020Aligning AI With Shared Human Values5 Aug
Other references · 3
- 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,582
- 2020Artificial Intelligence, Values and Alignmentcited by 443
- 2021Unsolved Problems in ML Safetycited by 291
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2024Mapping the Ethics of Generative AI: A Comprehensive Scoping Reviewcited by 19
- 2023Foundational Moral Values for AI Alignmentcited by 1
- 2024On the Undecidability of Artificial Intelligence Alignment: Machines that Haltcited by 1
- 2025Towards Integrated Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026AUDITPLAN: Commit, Then Answer for Auditable Safety Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026AUDITPLAN: Commit, Then Answer for Auditable Safety Alignment16 Sep 2026
- 2025Towards Integrated Alignment8 Aug 2025
- 2024On the Undecidability of Artificial Intelligence Alignment: Machines that Halt16 Aug 2024
- 2024Mapping the Ethics of Generative AI: A Comprehensive Scoping Review13 Feb 2024
- 2023Foundational Moral Values for AI Alignment28 Nov 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Toward a Theory of Value in AI Alignment
- 2024Dynamic Normativity: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Value Alignment
- 2024ValueCompass: A Framework for Measuring Contextual Value Alignment Between Human and LLMs
- 2024The AI Alignment Paradox
- 2024Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignment
- 2021The Challenge of Value Alignment: from Fairer Algorithms to AI Safety
- 2023Measuring Value Alignment
- 2024Beyond Preferences in AI Alignment