mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CiT: Curation in Training for Effective Vision-Language Data

arXiv 2301.02241 ↗First posted 5 Jan 2023cs.CV cs.CLcited by 27

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Large vision-language models are generally applicable to many downstream tasks, but come at an exorbitant training cost that only large institutions can afford. This paper trades generality for efficiency and presents Curation in Training (CiT), a simple and efficient vision-text learning algorithm that couples a data objective into training. CiT automatically yields quality data to speed-up contrastive image-text training and alleviates the need for an offline data filtering pipeline, allowing broad data sources (including raw image-text pairs from the web). CiT contains two loops: an outer loop curating the training data and an inner loop consuming the curated training data. The text encoder connects the two loops. Given metadata for tasks of interest, e.g., class names, and a large pool of image-text pairs, CiT alternatively selects relevant training data from the pool by measuring the similarity of their text embeddings and embeddings of the metadata. In our experiments, we observe that CiT can speed up training by over an order of magnitude, especially if the raw data size is large.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 36 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jan 2023.

Builds on

36 of 41 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning29 Apr

Other references · 35

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  4. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  5. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  6. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  7. 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
  8. 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
  9. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
  10. 2021Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervisioncited by 3,848
  11. 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,168
  12. 2019BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text miningcited by 1,935
23 more
  1. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  2. 2021An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 1,610
  3. 2020Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Taskscited by 1,548
  4. 2021LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairscited by 1,544
  5. 2022CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Modelscited by 1,265
  6. 2021Conceptual 12M: Pushing Web-Scale Image-Text Pre-Training To Recognize Long-Tail Visual Conceptscited by 1,209
  7. 2019HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clipscited by 946
  8. 2021Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Visioncited by 802
  9. 2021Robust fine-tuning of zero-shot modelscited by 785
  10. 2021FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Modelcited by 646
  11. 2020Contrastive Learning of Medical Visual Representations from Paired Images and Textcited by 636
  12. 2021VideoCLIP: Contrastive Pre-training for Zero-shot Video-Text Understandingcited by 596
  13. 2021LiT: Zero-Shot Transfer with Locked-image text Tuningcited by 572
  14. 2021How to train your ViT? Data, Augmentation, and Regularization in Vision Transformerscited by 562
  15. 2019End-to-End Learning of Visual Representations from Uncurated Instructional Videoscited by 506
  16. 2021SLIP: Self-supervision meets Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 434
  17. 2021Supervision Exists Everywhere: A Data Efficient Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training Paradigmcited by 405
  18. 2020Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking: BERT and Beyondcited by 266
  19. 2020GLISTER: Generalization based Data Subset Selection for Efficient and Robust Learningcited by 224
  20. 2019BERT Post-Training for Review Reading Comprehension and Aspect-based Sentiment Analysiscited by 176
  21. 2022Revisiting Weakly Supervised Pre-Training of Visual Perception Modelscited by 116
  22. 2019Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 59
  23. 2022Is a Caption Worth a Thousand Images? A Controlled Study for Representation Learningcited by 39

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 11; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.

27 papers.

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  1. 2023Demystifying CLIP Datacited by 265
  2. 2023BioCLIP: A Vision Foundation Model for the Tree of Lifecited by 159
  3. 2023A Picture is Worth More Than 77 Text Tokens: Evaluating CLIP-Style Models on Dense Captionscited by 107
  4. 2023An Inverse Scaling Law for CLIP Trainingcited by 76
  5. 2024Scaling Laws for Data Filtering -- Data Curation cannot be Compute Agnosticcited by 74
  6. 2024A Survey of Multimodal Large Language Model from A Data-centric Perspectivecited by 73
  7. 2023T-MARS: Improving Visual Representations by Circumventing Text Feature Learningcited by 43
  8. 2024LLaVA-MoD: Making LLaVA Tiny via MoE Knowledge Distillationcited by 43
  9. 2024Effective pruning of web-scale datasets based on complexity of concept clusterscited by 34
  10. 2023Sieve: Multimodal Dataset Pruning Using Image Captioning Modelscited by 33
  11. 2023Too Large; Data Reduction for Vision-Language Pre-Trainingcited by 26
  12. 2023CLIPA-v2: Scaling CLIP Training with 81.1% Zero-shot ImageNet Accuracy within a 10,000 Budget; An Extra 4,000 Unlocks 81.8% Accuracycited by 23
15 more
  1. 2024An Experimental Design Framework for Label-Efficient Supervised Finetuning of Large Language Modelscited by 22
  2. 2024Active Data Curation Effectively Distills Large-Scale Multimodal Modelscited by 19
  3. 2024On Catastrophic Inheritance of Large Foundation Modelscited by 15
  4. 2023Knowledge Transfer from Vision Foundation Models for Efficient Training of Small Task-specific Modelscited by 14
  5. 2024The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspectivecited by 14
  6. 2025CoIDO: Efficient Data Selection for Visual Instruction Tuning via Coupled Importance-Diversity Optimizationcited by 8
  7. 2024Variance Alignment Score: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Data Selection Method for Multimodal Contrastive Learningcited by 6
  8. 2024SCAN: Bootstrapping Contrastive Pre-training for Data Efficiencycited by 6
  9. 2023Delving Deeper into Data Scaling in Masked Image Modelingcited by 5
  10. 2023Filter & Align: Leveraging Human Knowledge to Curate Image-Text Datacited by 4
  11. 2024A Bayesian Approach to Data Point Selectioncited by 3
  12. 2025ReSpec: Relevance and Specificity Grounded Online Filtering for Learning on Video-Text Data Streamscited by 1
  13. 2025A Matter of Time: Revealing the Structure of Time in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  14. 2026MaD-Mix: Multi-Modal Data Mixtures via Latent Space Coupling for Vision-Language Model Trainingcited by 0
  15. 2026Curated Synthetic Data Doesn't Have to Collapse: A Theoretical Study of Generative Retraining with Pluralistic Preferencescited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 202620/20 Vision Language Models: A Prescription for Better VLMs through Data Curation Alone
  2. 2026DataComp-VLM: Improved Open Datasets for Vision-Language Models
  3. 2025Data Metabolism: An Efficient Data Design Schema For Vision Language Model
  4. 2025Trust the Model: Compact VLMs as In-Context Judges for Image-Text Data Quality
  5. 2025Concept-Aware Batch Sampling Improves Language-Image Pretraining
  6. 2023BUS:Efficient and Effective Vision-language Pre-training with Bottom-Up Patch Summarization
  7. 2025Scalable Vision Language Model Training via High Quality Data Curation
  8. 2024NEVLP: Noise-Robust Framework for Efficient Vision-Language Pre-training