Backdoor Cleansing with Unlabeled Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Due to the increasing computational demand of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), companies and organizations have begun to outsource the training process. However, the externally trained DNNs can potentially be backdoor attacked. It is crucial to defend against such attacks, i.e., to postprocess a suspicious model so that its backdoor behavior is mitigated while its normal prediction power on clean inputs remain uncompromised. To remove the abnormal backdoor behavior, existing methods mostly rely on additional labeled clean samples. However, such requirement may be unrealistic as the training data are often unavailable to end users. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of circumventing such barrier. We propose a novel defense method that does not require training labels. Through a carefully designed layer-wise weight re-initialization and knowledge distillation, our method can effectively cleanse backdoor behaviors of a suspicious network with negligible compromise in its normal behavior. In experiments, we show that our method, trained without labels, is on-par with state-of-the-art defense methods trained using labels. We also observe promising defense results even on out-of-distribution data. This makes our method very practical. Code is available at: https://github.com/luluppang/BCU.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2022.
Builds on
34 of 51 references.
References · 34
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
- 2020Knowledge Distillation: A Surveycited by 1,603
- 2017Targeted Backdoor Attacks on Deep Learning Systems Using Data Poisoningcited by 1,055
- 2021Diffusion Probabilistic Models for 3D Point Cloud Generationcited by 735
- 2018Fine-Pruning: Defending Against Backdooring Attacks on Deep Neural Networkscited by 580
- 2018Poison Frogs! Targeted Clean-Label Poisoning Attacks on Neural Networkscited by 519
- 2018Spectral Signatures in Backdoor Attackscited by 484
- 2019Hidden Trigger Backdoor Attackscited by 371
- 2020Reflection Backdoor: A Natural Backdoor Attack on Deep Neural Networkscited by 349
- 2021Neural Attention Distillation: Erasing Backdoor Triggers from Deep Neural Networkscited by 324
- 2020Input-Aware Dynamic Backdoor Attackcited by 313
22 more
- 2019Label-Consistent Backdoor Attackscited by 296
- 2021Anti-Backdoor Learning: Training Clean Models on Poisoned Datacited by 263
- 2019A new Backdoor Attack in CNNs by training set corruption without label poisoningcited by 242
- 2021Adversarial Neuron Pruning Purifies Backdoored Deep Modelscited by 235
- 2021Adversarial Unlearning of Backdoors via Implicit Hypergradientcited by 166
- 2022Backdoor Defense via Decoupling the Training Processcited by 153
- 2020Dynamic Backdoor Attacks Against Machine Learning Modelscited by 151
- 2020Backdoor Attacks Against Deep Learning Systems in the Physical Worldcited by 134
- 2020Bridging Mode Connectivity in Loss Landscapes and Adversarial Robustnesscited by 132
- 2021CRFL: Certifiably Robust Federated Learning against Backdoor Attackscited by 91
- 2021Backdoor Attacks on Self-Supervised Learningcited by 90
- 2020Strong Data Augmentation Sanitizes Poisoning and Backdoor Attacks Without an Accuracy Tradeoffcited by 89
- 2022BppAttack: Stealthy and Efficient Trojan Attacks against Deep Neural Networks via Image Quantization and Contrastive Adversarial Learningcited by 86
- 2019Data Poisoning against Differentially-Private Learners: Attacks and Defensescited by 78
- 2021A Backdoor Attack against 3D Point Cloud Classifierscited by 53
- 2022A Study of the Attention Abnormality in Trojaned BERTscited by 48
- 2021Few-shot Backdoor Defense Using Shapley Estimationcited by 41
- 2022Few-Shot Backdoor Attacks on Visual Object Trackingcited by 35
- 2022Eliminating Backdoor Triggers for Deep Neural Networks Using Attention Relation Graph Distillationcited by 18
- 2022Quarantine: Sparsity Can Uncover the Trojan Attack Trigger for Freecited by 15
- 2022Backdoor Attacks on Crowd Countingcited by 10
- 2021Certified Robustness via Randomized Smoothing over Multiplicative Parameters of Input Transformationscited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
17 papers.
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- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoEcited by 27
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024Imperio: Language-Guided Backdoor Attacks for Arbitrary Model Controlcited by 8
- 2023Leveraging Diffusion-Based Image Variations for Robust Training on Poisoned Datacited by 6
- 2026From Internal Diagnosis to External Auditing: A VLM-Driven Paradigm for Data-Free Online Backdoor Defensecited by 3
- 2023Erasing Self-Supervised Learning Backdoor by Cluster Activation Maskingcited by 2
- 2024On the (In)feasibility of ML Backdoor Detection as an Hypothesis Testing Problemcited by 2
- 2024Robust Knowledge Distillation Based on Feature Variance Against Backdoored Teacher Modelcited by 2
- 2024Backdoor Defense through Self-Supervised and Generative Learningcited by 2
- 2025Seal Your Backdoor with Variational Defensecited by 2
- 2025Evading Data Provenance in Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2023Mask and Restore: Blind Backdoor Defense at Test Time with Masked Autoencodercited by 1
5 more
- 2024Towards Adversarial Robustness And Backdoor Mitigation in SSLcited by 0
- 2024Backdoor Attack with Invisible Triggers Based on Model Architecture Modificationcited by 0
- 2025NT-ML: Backdoor Defense via Non-target Label Training and Mutual Learningcited by 0
- 2026A Patch-based Cross-view Regularized Framework for Backdoor Defense in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026InstantForget: Update-Free Backdoor Unlearning with Inference-Time Feature Resetcited by 0
- 2026InstantForget: Update-Free Backdoor Unlearning with Inference-Time Feature Reset14 Jun 2026
- 2026A Patch-based Cross-view Regularized Framework for Backdoor Defense in Multimodal Large Language Models6 Apr 2026
- 2026From Internal Diagnosis to External Auditing: A VLM-Driven Paradigm for Data-Free Online Backdoor Defense27 Jan 2026
- 2025NT-ML: Backdoor Defense via Non-target Label Training and Mutual Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Evading Data Provenance in Deep Neural Networks1 Aug 2025
- 2025Seal Your Backdoor with Variational Defense11 Mar 2025
- 2024Backdoor Attack with Invisible Triggers Based on Model Architecture Modification22 Dec 2024
- 2024Backdoor Defense through Self-Supervised and Generative Learning2 Sep 2024
- 2024Robust Knowledge Distillation Based on Feature Variance Against Backdoored Teacher Model1 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards Adversarial Robustness And Backdoor Mitigation in SSL23 Mar 2024
- 2024On the (In)feasibility of ML Backdoor Detection as an Hypothesis Testing Problem26 Feb 2024
- 2024Imperio: Language-Guided Backdoor Attacks for Arbitrary Model Control2 Jan 2024
5 more
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Survey13 Dec 2023
- 2023Erasing Self-Supervised Learning Backdoor by Cluster Activation Masking13 Dec 2023
- 2023Leveraging Diffusion-Based Image Variations for Robust Training on Poisoned Data10 Oct 2023
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoE24 May 2023
- 2023Mask and Restore: Blind Backdoor Defense at Test Time with Masked Autoencoder27 Mar 2023
- 2024Imperio: Language-Guided Backdoor Attacks for Arbitrary Model Controlcited by 8
- 2026From Internal Diagnosis to External Auditing: A VLM-Driven Paradigm for Data-Free Online Backdoor Defensecited by 3
- 2024Backdoor Defense through Self-Supervised and Generative Learningcited by 2
- 2023Mask and Restore: Blind Backdoor Defense at Test Time with Masked Autoencodercited by 1
- 2026From Internal Diagnosis to External Auditing: A VLM-Driven Paradigm for Data-Free Online Backdoor Defense27 Jan 2026
- 2024Backdoor Defense through Self-Supervised and Generative Learning2 Sep 2024
- 2024Imperio: Language-Guided Backdoor Attacks for Arbitrary Model Control2 Jan 2024
- 2023Mask and Restore: Blind Backdoor Defense at Test Time with Masked Autoencoder27 Mar 2023
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoEcited by 27
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023Erasing Self-Supervised Learning Backdoor by Cluster Activation Maskingcited by 2
- 2024On the (In)feasibility of ML Backdoor Detection as an Hypothesis Testing Problemcited by 2
- 2025Seal Your Backdoor with Variational Defensecited by 2
- 2025Evading Data Provenance in Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2024Towards Adversarial Robustness And Backdoor Mitigation in SSLcited by 0
- 2024Backdoor Attack with Invisible Triggers Based on Model Architecture Modificationcited by 0
- 2025NT-ML: Backdoor Defense via Non-target Label Training and Mutual Learningcited by 0
- 2026InstantForget: Update-Free Backdoor Unlearning with Inference-Time Feature Resetcited by 0
- 2026InstantForget: Update-Free Backdoor Unlearning with Inference-Time Feature Reset14 Jun 2026
- 2025NT-ML: Backdoor Defense via Non-target Label Training and Mutual Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Evading Data Provenance in Deep Neural Networks1 Aug 2025
- 2025Seal Your Backdoor with Variational Defense11 Mar 2025
- 2024Backdoor Attack with Invisible Triggers Based on Model Architecture Modification22 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Adversarial Robustness And Backdoor Mitigation in SSL23 Mar 2024
- 2024On the (In)feasibility of ML Backdoor Detection as an Hypothesis Testing Problem26 Feb 2024
- 2023Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Survey13 Dec 2023
- 2023Erasing Self-Supervised Learning Backdoor by Cluster Activation Masking13 Dec 2023
- 2023From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoE24 May 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Beating Backdoor Attack at Its Own Game
- 2023UltraClean: A Simple Framework to Train Robust Neural Networks against Backdoor Attacks
- 2023Defending Against Backdoor Attacks by Layer-wise Feature Analysis
- 2023Mitigating Backdoors within Deep Neural Networks in Data-limited Configuration
- 2024Unveiling and Mitigating Backdoor Vulnerabilities based on Unlearning Weight Changes and Backdoor Activeness
- 2024Wicked Oddities: Selectively Poisoning for Effective Clean-Label Backdoor Attacks
- 2022Invisible Backdoor Attacks Using Data Poisoning in the Frequency Domain
- 2024Expose Before You Defend: Unifying and Enhancing Backdoor Defenses via Exposed Models