mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

On the Effect of Pre-training for Transformer in Different Modality on Offline Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2211.09817 ↗First posted 17 Nov 2022cs.LG stat.MLcited by 7

On the map: Offline RL and imitation learning from data → Decision transformers and sequence modeling

Abstract (arXiv)

We empirically investigate how pre-training on data of different modalities, such as language and vision, affects fine-tuning of Transformer-based models to Mujoco offline reinforcement learning tasks. Analysis of the internal representation reveals that the pre-trained Transformers acquire largely different representations before and after pre-training, but acquire less information of data in fine-tuning than the randomly initialized one. A closer look at the parameter changes of the pre-trained Transformers reveals that their parameters do not change that much and that the bad performance of the model pre-trained with image data could partially come from large gradients and gradient clipping. To study what information the Transformer pre-trained with language data utilizes, we fine-tune this model with no context provided, finding that the model learns efficiently even without context information. Subsequent follow-up analysis supports the hypothesis that pre-training with language data is likely to make the Transformer get context-like information and utilize it to solve the downstream task.

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Decision transformers and sequence modeling, one of 13 directions in Offline RL and imitation learning from data. Builds on 55 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2022.

Builds on

55 of 71 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Can Wikipedia Help Offline Reinforcement Learning?28 Jan
  2. 2021Offline Reinforcement Learning as One Big Sequence Modeling Problem3 Jun
  3. 2021Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modeling2 Jun

Other references · 52

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  4. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  5. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  6. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  7. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  8. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,669
  9. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,885
  10. 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,936
  11. 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,920
  12. 2019Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisitedcited by 1,755
38 more
  1. 2020D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,427
  2. 2014How transferable are features in deep neural networks?cited by 1,225
  3. 2022Language Models as Zero-Shot Planners: Extracting Actionable Knowledge for Embodied Agentscited by 1,035
  4. 2020A Primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT workscited by 815
  5. 2015Deep Learning and the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 802
  6. 2018MINE: Mutual Information Neural Estimationcited by 683
  7. 2021Do Vision Transformers See Like Convolutional Neural Networks?cited by 675
  8. 2019On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representationscited by 578
  9. 2017Opening the Black Box of Deep Neural Networks via Informationcited by 503
  10. 2019What do you learn from context? Probing for sentence structure in contextualized word representationscited by 438
  11. 2019Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of Contextual Representationscited by 383
  12. 2019Transfusion: Understanding Transfer Learning for Medical Imagingcited by 368
  13. 2020What is being transferred in transfer learning?cited by 368
  14. 2019Rapid Learning or Feature Reuse? Towards Understanding the Effectiveness of MAMLcited by 359
  15. 2018Insights on representational similarity in neural networks with canonical correlationcited by 324
  16. 2019What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language modelscited by 320
  17. 2020Decoupling Representation Learning from Reinforcement Learningcited by 269
  18. 2020Do Wide and Deep Networks Learn the Same Things? Uncovering How Neural Network Representations Vary with Width and Depthcited by 245
  19. 2022Pre-Trained Language Models for Interactive Decision-Makingcited by 221
  20. 2019Assessing BERT's Syntactic Abilitiescited by 192
  21. 2021Pretrained Transformers as Universal Computation Enginescited by 162
  22. 2020Anatomy of Catastrophic Forgetting: Hidden Representations and Task Semanticscited by 161
  23. 2019The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectivescited by 139
  24. 2020Parrot: Data-Driven Behavioral Priors for Reinforcement Learningcited by 138
  25. 2020What Happens To BERT Embeddings During Fine-tuning?cited by 113
  26. 2020Finding Universal Grammatical Relations in Multilingual BERTcited by 110
  27. 2020Keep CALM and Explore: Language Models for Action Generation in Text-based Gamescited by 108
  28. 2018On the importance of single directions for generalizationcited by 99
  29. 2020On Robustness and Transferability of Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 98
  30. 2021Representation Matters: Offline Pretraining for Sequential Decision Makingcited by 91
  31. 2020The Information Bottleneck Problem and Its Applications in Machine Learningcited by 66
  32. 2020Similarity Analysis of Contextual Word Representation Modelscited by 54
  33. 2022Semantic Exploration from Language Abstractions and Pretrained Representationscited by 51
  34. 2019The Impact of Neural Network Overparameterization on Gradient Confusion and Stochastic Gradient Descentcited by 46
  35. 2020On Information Plane Analyses of Neural Network Classifiers -- A Reviewcited by 37
  36. 2022Pretraining with Artificial Language: Studying Transferable Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 28
  37. 2021On the Transferability of Pre-trained Language Models: A Study from Artificial Datasetscited by 25
  38. 2016How Transferable are Neural Networks in NLP Applications?cited by 23

50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 2.

7 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Pre-trained Language Models Improve the Few-shot Prompt Ability of Decision Transformer
  2. 2023Transformers as Decision Makers: Provable In-Context Reinforcement Learning via Supervised Pretraining
  3. 2022Contextual Transformer for Offline Meta Reinforcement Learning
  4. 2023Unleashing the Power of Pre-trained Language Models for Offline Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2022Self-Distillation for Further Pre-training of Transformers
  6. 2023Small Dataset, Big Gains: Enhancing Reinforcement Learning by Offline Pre-Training with Model Based Augmentation
  7. 2023Self-Confirming Transformer for Belief-Conditioned Adaptation in Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
  8. 2023Transformers in Reinforcement Learning: A Survey