S4ND: Modeling Images and Videos as Multidimensional Signals Using State Spaces

Visual data such as images and videos are typically modeled as discretizations of inherently continuous, multidimensional signals. Existing continuous-signal models attempt to exploit this fact by modeling the underlying signals of visual (e.g., image) data directly. However, these models have not yet been able to achieve competitive performance on practical vision tasks such as large-scale image and video classification. Building on a recent line of work on deep state space models (SSMs), we propose S4ND, a new multidimensional SSM layer that extends the continuous-signal modeling ability of SSMs to multidimensional data including images and videos. We show that S4ND can model large-scale visual data in 1D, 2D, and 3D as continuous multidimensional signals and demonstrates strong performance by simply swapping Conv2D and self-attention layers with S4ND layers in existing state-of-the-art models. On ImageNet-1k, S4ND exceeds the performance of a Vision Transformer baseline by 1.5% when training with a 1D sequence of patches, and matches ConvNeXt when modeling images in 2D. For videos, S4ND improves on an inflated 3D ConvNeXt in activity classification on HMDB-51 by 4%. S4ND implicitly learns global, continuous convolutional kernels that are resolution invariant by construction, providing an inductive bias that enables generalization across multiple resolutions. By developing a simple bandlimiting modification to S4 to overcome aliasing, S4ND achieves strong zero-shot (unseen at training time) resolution performance, outperforming a baseline Conv2D by 40% on CIFAR-10 when trained on 8 × 8 and tested on 32 × 32 images. When trained with progressive resizing, S4ND comes within ~ 1% of a high-resolution model while training 22% faster.