Multimodal Semi-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Until recently, the number of public real-world text images was insufficient for training scene text recognizers. Therefore, most modern training methods rely on synthetic data and operate in a fully supervised manner. Nevertheless, the amount of public real-world text images has increased significantly lately, including a great deal of unlabeled data. Leveraging these resources requires semi-supervised approaches; however, the few existing methods do not account for vision-language multimodality structure and therefore suboptimal for state-of-the-art multimodal architectures. To bridge this gap, we present semi-supervised learning for multimodal text recognizers (SemiMTR) that leverages unlabeled data at each modality training phase. Notably, our method refrains from extra training stages and maintains the current three-stage multimodal training procedure. Our algorithm starts by pretraining the vision model through a single-stage training that unifies self-supervised learning with supervised training. More specifically, we extend an existing visual representation learning algorithm and propose the first contrastive-based method for scene text recognition. After pretraining the language model on a text corpus, we fine-tune the entire network via a sequential, character-level, consistency regularization between weakly and strongly augmented views of text images. In a novel setup, consistency is enforced on each modality separately. Extensive experiments validate that our method outperforms the current training schemes and achieves state-of-the-art results on multiple scene text recognition benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 May 2022.
Builds on
48 of 62 references.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 2.
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- 2023FuseCap: Leveraging Large Language Models for Enriched Fused Image Captionscited by 33
- 2024Question Aware Vision Transformer for Multimodal Reasoningcited by 32
- 2024DocVLM: Make Your VLM an Efficient Readercited by 27
- 2024GRAM: Global Reasoning for Multi-Page VQAcited by 23
- 2023CLIPTER: Looking at the Bigger Picture in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 16
- 2023Towards Models that Can See and Readcited by 15
- 2023CLIPAG: Towards Generator-Free Text-to-Image Generationcited by 12
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Reportcited by 11
- 2023Fine-tuning Is a Surprisingly Effective Domain Adaptation Baseline in Handwriting Recognitioncited by 5
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- 2024Self-supervised Pre-training of Text Recognizerscited by 2
- 2022Masked Vision-Language Transformers for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 1
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- 2025Masked Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Text Recognition Transformers on Large-Scale Datasetscited by 0
- 2025Robult: Leveraging Redundancy and Modality Specific Features for Robust Multimodal Learning3 Sep 2025
- 2025Masked Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Text Recognition Transformers on Large-Scale Datasets28 Mar 2025
- 2024DocVLM: Make Your VLM an Efficient Reader11 Dec 2024
- 2024TAP-VL: Text Layout-Aware Pre-training for Enriched Vision-Language Models7 Nov 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Survey29 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-supervised Pre-training of Text Recognizers1 May 2024
- 2024Question Aware Vision Transformer for Multimodal Reasoning8 Feb 2024
- 2024GRAM: Global Reasoning for Multi-Page VQA7 Jan 2024
- 2023CLIPAG: Towards Generator-Free Text-to-Image Generation29 Jun 2023
- 2023FuseCap: Leveraging Large Language Models for Enriched Fused Image Captions28 May 2023
- 2023Fine-tuning Is a Surprisingly Effective Domain Adaptation Baseline in Handwriting Recognition13 Feb 2023
- 2023CLIPTER: Looking at the Bigger Picture in Scene Text Recognition18 Jan 2023
4 more
- 2023Towards Models that Can See and Read18 Jan 2023
- 2022SoftCTC -- Semi-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition using Soft Pseudo-Labels5 Dec 2022
- 2022Masked Vision-Language Transformers for Scene Text Recognition9 Nov 2022
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Report14 Sep 2022
- 2023FuseCap: Leveraging Large Language Models for Enriched Fused Image Captionscited by 33
- 2024DocVLM: Make Your VLM an Efficient Readercited by 27
- 2023CLIPTER: Looking at the Bigger Picture in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 16
- 2024TAP-VL: Text Layout-Aware Pre-training for Enriched Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024DocVLM: Make Your VLM an Efficient Reader11 Dec 2024
- 2024TAP-VL: Text Layout-Aware Pre-training for Enriched Vision-Language Models7 Nov 2024
- 2023FuseCap: Leveraging Large Language Models for Enriched Fused Image Captions28 May 2023
- 2023CLIPTER: Looking at the Bigger Picture in Scene Text Recognition18 Jan 2023
- 2024Question Aware Vision Transformer for Multimodal Reasoningcited by 32
- 2024GRAM: Global Reasoning for Multi-Page VQAcited by 23
- 2024Question Aware Vision Transformer for Multimodal Reasoning8 Feb 2024
- 2024GRAM: Global Reasoning for Multi-Page VQA7 Jan 2024
- 2023Towards Models that Can See and Readcited by 15
- 2023CLIPAG: Towards Generator-Free Text-to-Image Generationcited by 12
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Reportcited by 11
- 2023Fine-tuning Is a Surprisingly Effective Domain Adaptation Baseline in Handwriting Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Surveycited by 3
- 2025Robult: Leveraging Redundancy and Modality Specific Features for Robust Multimodal Learningcited by 3
- 2022SoftCTC -- Semi-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition using Soft Pseudo-Labelscited by 2
- 2024Self-supervised Pre-training of Text Recognizerscited by 2
- 2022Masked Vision-Language Transformers for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025Masked Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Text Recognition Transformers on Large-Scale Datasetscited by 0
- 2025Robult: Leveraging Redundancy and Modality Specific Features for Robust Multimodal Learning3 Sep 2025
- 2025Masked Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Text Recognition Transformers on Large-Scale Datasets28 Mar 2025
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Survey29 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-supervised Pre-training of Text Recognizers1 May 2024
- 2023CLIPAG: Towards Generator-Free Text-to-Image Generation29 Jun 2023
- 2023Fine-tuning Is a Surprisingly Effective Domain Adaptation Baseline in Handwriting Recognition13 Feb 2023
- 2023Towards Models that Can See and Read18 Jan 2023
- 2022SoftCTC -- Semi-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition using Soft Pseudo-Labels5 Dec 2022
- 2022Masked Vision-Language Transformers for Scene Text Recognition9 Nov 2022
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Report14 Sep 2022