mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Generative Adversarial Neural Operators

arXiv 2205.03017 ↗First posted 6 May 2022cs.LG math.PRcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose the generative adversarial neural operator (GANO), a generative model paradigm for learning probabilities on infinite-dimensional function spaces. The natural sciences and engineering are known to have many types of data that are sampled from infinite-dimensional function spaces, where classical finite-dimensional deep generative adversarial networks (GANs) may not be directly applicable. GANO generalizes the GAN framework and allows for the sampling of functions by learning push-forward operator maps in infinite-dimensional spaces. GANO consists of two main components, a generator neural operator and a discriminator neural functional. The inputs to the generator are samples of functions from a user-specified probability measure, e.g., Gaussian random field (GRF), and the generator outputs are synthetic data functions. The input to the discriminator is either a real or synthetic data function. In this work, we instantiate GANO using the Wasserstein criterion and show how the Wasserstein loss can be computed in infinite-dimensional spaces. We empirically study GANO in controlled cases where both input and output functions are samples from GRFs and compare its performance to the finite-dimensional counterpart GAN. We empirically study the efficacy of GANO on real-world function data of volcanic activities and show its superior performance over GAN.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2022.

Builds on

20 of 31 references.

References · 20

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2020Fourier Neural Operator for Parametric Partial Differential Equationscited by 2,806
  4. 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
  5. 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
  6. 2014NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimationcited by 1,052
  7. 2020Neural Operator: Graph Kernel Network for Partial Differential Equationscited by 722
  8. 2021Physics-Informed Neural Operator for Learning Partial Differential Equationscited by 516
  9. 2021Neural Operator: Learning Maps Between Function Spacescited by 413
  10. 2018Neural Processescited by 307
  11. 2021U-FNO -- An enhanced Fourier neural operator-based deep-learning model for multiphase flowcited by 292
  12. 2022U-NO: U-shaped Neural Operatorscited by 219
8 more
  1. 2019Neural Stochastic Differential Equations: Deep Latent Gaussian Models in the Diffusion Limitcited by 168
  2. 2021Neural SDEs as Infinite-Dimensional GANscited by 159
  3. 2020The Random Feature Model for Input-Output Maps between Banach Spacescited by 90
  4. 2021Generative Models as Distributions of Functionscited by 89
  5. 2018Banach Wasserstein GANcited by 56
  6. 2021Seismic wave propagation and inversion with Neural Operatorscited by 51
  7. 2017Approximation and Convergence Properties of Generative Adversarial Learningcited by 28
  8. 2021Wasserstein GANs with Gradient Penalty Compute Congested Transportcited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 15; 2024: 4; 2025: 17; 2026: 10.

51 papers.

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  1. 2023Neural Operators for Accelerating Scientific Simulations and Designcited by 218
  2. 2022Towards Multi-spatiotemporal-scale Generalized PDE Modelingcited by 190
  3. 2022Clifford Neural Layers for PDE Modelingcited by 91
  4. 2023Score-based Diffusion Models in Function Spacecited by 80
  5. 2023Multi-Grid Tensorized Fourier Neural Operator for High-Resolution PDEscited by 66
  6. 2023Functional Flow Matchingcited by 63
  7. 2022Diffusion Generative Models in Infinite Dimensionscited by 49
  8. 2023Training neural operators to preserve invariant measures of chaotic attractorscited by 43
  9. 2023Multilevel Diffusion: Infinite Dimensional Score-Based Diffusion Models for Image Generationcited by 37
  10. 2025Guided Diffusion Sampling on Function Spaces with Applications to PDEscited by 33
  11. 2023Conditional Optimal Transport on Function Spacescited by 26
  12. 2022Approximate Bayesian Neural Operators: Uncertainty Quantification for Parametric PDEscited by 24
38 more
  1. 2023Variational Autoencoding Neural Operatorscited by 22
  2. 2025FunDiff: Diffusion Models over Function Spaces for Physics-Informed Generative Modelingcited by 19
  3. 2023Deep Operator Learning Lessens the Curse of Dimensionality for PDEscited by 18
  4. 2025Stochastic Process Learning via Operator Flow Matchingcited by 14
  5. 2023Broadband Ground Motion Synthesis via Generative Adversarial Neural Operators: Development and Validationcited by 12
  6. 2025Principled Approaches for Extending Neural Architectures to Function Spaces for Operator Learningcited by 11
  7. 2025Mesh-Informed Neural Operator : A Transformer Generative Approachcited by 11
  8. 2024Universal Functional Regression with Neural Operator Flowscited by 9
  9. 2025Probabilistic operator learning: generative modeling and uncertainty quantification for foundation models of differential equationscited by 9
  10. 2022PaCMO: Partner Dependent Human Motion Generation in Dyadic Human Activity using Neural Operatorscited by 8
  11. 2023Neural Operator: Is data all you need to model the world? An insight into the paradigm of data-driven scientific MLcited by 8
  12. 2023Generative Adversarial Reduced Order Modellingcited by 7
  13. 2023Scattering with Neural Operatorscited by 7
  14. 2023Challenges and opportunities for machine learning in multiscale computational modelingcited by 6
  15. 2025Generative Neural Operators of Log-Complexity Can Simultaneously Solve Infinitely Many Convex Programscited by 5
  16. 2025Flow Straight and Fast in Hilbert Space: Functional Rectified Flowcited by 5
  17. 2025Functional Mean Flow in Hilbert Spacecited by 5
  18. 2025FNOPE: Simulation-based inference on function spaces with Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 3
  19. 2025Stochastic Operator Network: A Stochastic Maximum Principle Based Approach to Operator Learningcited by 3
  20. 2024Learning Lagrangian Interaction Dynamics with Sampling-Based Model Order Reductioncited by 2
  21. 2025Differentiable Autoencoding Neural Operator for Interpretable and Integrable Latent Space Modelingcited by 2
  22. 2025Residual-augmented flow matching operators for probabilistic partial differential equationscited by 2
  23. 2026Learning Data-Efficient and Generalizable Neural Operators via Fundamental Physics Knowledgecited by 2
  24. 2023DFU: scale-robust diffusion model for zero-shot super-resolution image generationcited by 1
  25. 2025Operator Flow Matching for Timeseries Forecastingcited by 1
  26. 2026Inverse Neural Operator for ODE Parameter Optimizationcited by 1
  27. 2026Optimal-Transport-Guided Functional Flow Matching for Turbulent Field Generation in Hilbert Spacecited by 1
  28. 2026Diffusion-Based Stochastic Operator Networks for Uncertainty Quantification in Stochastic Partial Differential Equationscited by 1
  29. 2024A novel Fourier neural operator framework for classification of multi-sized images: Application to three dimensional digital porous mediacited by 0
  30. 2024Deep Optimal Sensor Placement for Black Box Stochastic Simulationscited by 0
  31. 2025FuncGenFoil: Airfoil Generation and Editing Model in Function Spacecited by 0
  32. 2025Deep Generative Prior for First Order Inverse Optimizationcited by 0
  33. 2025Hamiltonian Neural PDE Solvers through Functional Approximationcited by 0
  34. 2026Generative Neural Operators through Diffusion Last Layercited by 0
  35. 2026Infinite-dimensional generative diffusions via Doob's h-transformcited by 0
  36. 2026Neural Optimal Transport in Hilbert Spaces: Characterizing Spurious Solutions and Gaussian Smoothingcited by 0
  37. 2026GenPANIS: A Latent-Variable Generative Framework for Forward and Inverse PDE Problems in Multiphase Mediacited by 0
  38. 2026Deep operator learning for efficient sampling from invariant measures of stochastic differential equationscited by 0

50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)