Generative Adversarial Neural Operators
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose the generative adversarial neural operator (GANO), a generative model paradigm for learning probabilities on infinite-dimensional function spaces. The natural sciences and engineering are known to have many types of data that are sampled from infinite-dimensional function spaces, where classical finite-dimensional deep generative adversarial networks (GANs) may not be directly applicable. GANO generalizes the GAN framework and allows for the sampling of functions by learning push-forward operator maps in infinite-dimensional spaces. GANO consists of two main components, a generator neural operator and a discriminator neural functional. The inputs to the generator are samples of functions from a user-specified probability measure, e.g., Gaussian random field (GRF), and the generator outputs are synthetic data functions. The input to the discriminator is either a real or synthetic data function. In this work, we instantiate GANO using the Wasserstein criterion and show how the Wasserstein loss can be computed in infinite-dimensional spaces. We empirically study GANO in controlled cases where both input and output functions are samples from GRFs and compare its performance to the finite-dimensional counterpart GAN. We empirically study the efficacy of GANO on real-world function data of volcanic activities and show its superior performance over GAN.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2022.
Builds on
20 of 31 references.
References · 20
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2020Fourier Neural Operator for Parametric Partial Differential Equationscited by 2,806
- 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
- 2014NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimationcited by 1,052
- 2020Neural Operator: Graph Kernel Network for Partial Differential Equationscited by 722
- 2021Physics-Informed Neural Operator for Learning Partial Differential Equationscited by 516
- 2021Neural Operator: Learning Maps Between Function Spacescited by 413
- 2018Neural Processescited by 307
- 2021U-FNO -- An enhanced Fourier neural operator-based deep-learning model for multiphase flowcited by 292
- 2022U-NO: U-shaped Neural Operatorscited by 219
8 more
- 2019Neural Stochastic Differential Equations: Deep Latent Gaussian Models in the Diffusion Limitcited by 168
- 2021Neural SDEs as Infinite-Dimensional GANscited by 159
- 2020The Random Feature Model for Input-Output Maps between Banach Spacescited by 90
- 2021Generative Models as Distributions of Functionscited by 89
- 2018Banach Wasserstein GANcited by 56
- 2021Seismic wave propagation and inversion with Neural Operatorscited by 51
- 2017Approximation and Convergence Properties of Generative Adversarial Learningcited by 28
- 2021Wasserstein GANs with Gradient Penalty Compute Congested Transportcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 15; 2024: 4; 2025: 17; 2026: 10.
51 papers.
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- 2023Neural Operators for Accelerating Scientific Simulations and Designcited by 218
- 2022Towards Multi-spatiotemporal-scale Generalized PDE Modelingcited by 190
- 2022Clifford Neural Layers for PDE Modelingcited by 91
- 2023Score-based Diffusion Models in Function Spacecited by 80
- 2023Multi-Grid Tensorized Fourier Neural Operator for High-Resolution PDEscited by 66
- 2023Functional Flow Matchingcited by 63
- 2022Diffusion Generative Models in Infinite Dimensionscited by 49
- 2023Training neural operators to preserve invariant measures of chaotic attractorscited by 43
- 2023Multilevel Diffusion: Infinite Dimensional Score-Based Diffusion Models for Image Generationcited by 37
- 2025Guided Diffusion Sampling on Function Spaces with Applications to PDEscited by 33
- 2023Conditional Optimal Transport on Function Spacescited by 26
- 2022Approximate Bayesian Neural Operators: Uncertainty Quantification for Parametric PDEscited by 24
38 more
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- 2023Deep Operator Learning Lessens the Curse of Dimensionality for PDEscited by 18
- 2025Stochastic Process Learning via Operator Flow Matchingcited by 14
- 2023Broadband Ground Motion Synthesis via Generative Adversarial Neural Operators: Development and Validationcited by 12
- 2025Principled Approaches for Extending Neural Architectures to Function Spaces for Operator Learningcited by 11
- 2025Mesh-Informed Neural Operator : A Transformer Generative Approachcited by 11
- 2024Universal Functional Regression with Neural Operator Flowscited by 9
- 2025Probabilistic operator learning: generative modeling and uncertainty quantification for foundation models of differential equationscited by 9
- 2022PaCMO: Partner Dependent Human Motion Generation in Dyadic Human Activity using Neural Operatorscited by 8
- 2023Neural Operator: Is data all you need to model the world? An insight into the paradigm of data-driven scientific MLcited by 8
- 2023Generative Adversarial Reduced Order Modellingcited by 7
- 2023Scattering with Neural Operatorscited by 7
- 2023Challenges and opportunities for machine learning in multiscale computational modelingcited by 6
- 2025Generative Neural Operators of Log-Complexity Can Simultaneously Solve Infinitely Many Convex Programscited by 5
- 2025Flow Straight and Fast in Hilbert Space: Functional Rectified Flowcited by 5
- 2025Functional Mean Flow in Hilbert Spacecited by 5
- 2025FNOPE: Simulation-based inference on function spaces with Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 3
- 2025Stochastic Operator Network: A Stochastic Maximum Principle Based Approach to Operator Learningcited by 3
- 2024Learning Lagrangian Interaction Dynamics with Sampling-Based Model Order Reductioncited by 2
- 2025Differentiable Autoencoding Neural Operator for Interpretable and Integrable Latent Space Modelingcited by 2
- 2025Residual-augmented flow matching operators for probabilistic partial differential equationscited by 2
- 2026Learning Data-Efficient and Generalizable Neural Operators via Fundamental Physics Knowledgecited by 2
- 2023DFU: scale-robust diffusion model for zero-shot super-resolution image generationcited by 1
- 2025Operator Flow Matching for Timeseries Forecastingcited by 1
- 2026Inverse Neural Operator for ODE Parameter Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026Optimal-Transport-Guided Functional Flow Matching for Turbulent Field Generation in Hilbert Spacecited by 1
- 2026Diffusion-Based Stochastic Operator Networks for Uncertainty Quantification in Stochastic Partial Differential Equationscited by 1
- 2024A novel Fourier neural operator framework for classification of multi-sized images: Application to three dimensional digital porous mediacited by 0
- 2024Deep Optimal Sensor Placement for Black Box Stochastic Simulationscited by 0
- 2025FuncGenFoil: Airfoil Generation and Editing Model in Function Spacecited by 0
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- 2026Generative Neural Operators through Diffusion Last Layercited by 0
- 2026Infinite-dimensional generative diffusions via Doob's h-transformcited by 0
- 2026Neural Optimal Transport in Hilbert Spaces: Characterizing Spurious Solutions and Gaussian Smoothingcited by 0
- 2026GenPANIS: A Latent-Variable Generative Framework for Forward and Inverse PDE Problems in Multiphase Mediacited by 0
- 2026Deep operator learning for efficient sampling from invariant measures of stochastic differential equationscited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Improving Function Space Flow Matching with Kernel Optimal Transport29 Sep 2026
- 2026Deep operator learning for efficient sampling from invariant measures of stochastic differential equations10 Sep 2026
- 2026Diffusion-Based Stochastic Operator Networks for Uncertainty Quantification in Stochastic Partial Differential Equations16 May 2026
- 2026Optimal-Transport-Guided Functional Flow Matching for Turbulent Field Generation in Hilbert Space7 Apr 2026
- 2026Inverse Neural Operator for ODE Parameter Optimization12 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Data-Efficient and Generalizable Neural Operators via Fundamental Physics Knowledge16 Feb 2026
- 2026GenPANIS: A Latent-Variable Generative Framework for Forward and Inverse PDE Problems in Multiphase Media16 Feb 2026
- 2026Neural Optimal Transport in Hilbert Spaces: Characterizing Spurious Solutions and Gaussian Smoothing15 Feb 2026
- 2026Infinite-dimensional generative diffusions via Doob's h-transform6 Feb 2026
- 2026Generative Neural Operators through Diffusion Last Layer4 Feb 2026
- 2025Residual-augmented flow matching operators for probabilistic partial differential equations14 Dec 2025
- 2025Functional Mean Flow in Hilbert Space17 Nov 2025
38 more
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- 2025Flow Straight and Fast in Hilbert Space: Functional Rectified Flow12 Sep 2025
- 2025Probabilistic operator learning: generative modeling and uncertainty quantification for foundation models of differential equations5 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Neural Operators of Log-Complexity Can Simultaneously Solve Infinitely Many Convex Programs20 Aug 2025
- 2025Stochastic Operator Network: A Stochastic Maximum Principle Based Approach to Operator Learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Mesh-Informed Neural Operator : A Transformer Generative Approach20 Jun 2025
- 2025Principled Approaches for Extending Neural Architectures to Function Spaces for Operator Learning12 Jun 2025
- 2025FunDiff: Diffusion Models over Function Spaces for Physics-Informed Generative Modeling9 Jun 2025
- 2025FNOPE: Simulation-based inference on function spaces with Fourier Neural Operators28 May 2025
- 2025Guided Diffusion Sampling on Function Spaces with Applications to PDEs22 May 2025
- 2025Hamiltonian Neural PDE Solvers through Functional Approximation19 May 2025
- 2025Deep Generative Prior for First Order Inverse Optimization28 Apr 2025
- 2025FuncGenFoil: Airfoil Generation and Editing Model in Function Space15 Feb 2025
- 2025Stochastic Process Learning via Operator Flow Matching7 Jan 2025
- 2024Deep Optimal Sensor Placement for Black Box Stochastic Simulations15 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Lagrangian Interaction Dynamics with Sampling-Based Model Order Reduction4 Jul 2024
- 2024Universal Functional Regression with Neural Operator Flows3 Apr 2024
- 2024A novel Fourier neural operator framework for classification of multi-sized images: Application to three dimensional digital porous media18 Feb 2024
- 2023DFU: scale-robust diffusion model for zero-shot super-resolution image generation30 Nov 2023
- 2023Conditional Optimal Transport on Function Spaces9 Nov 2023
- 2023Multi-Grid Tensorized Fourier Neural Operator for High-Resolution PDEs29 Sep 2023
- 2023Neural Operators for Accelerating Scientific Simulations and Design27 Sep 2023
- 2023Broadband Ground Motion Synthesis via Generative Adversarial Neural Operators: Development and Validation7 Sep 2023
- 2023Scattering with Neural Operators28 Aug 2023
- 2023Training neural operators to preserve invariant measures of chaotic attractors1 Jun 2023
- 2023Functional Flow Matching26 May 2023
- 2023Generative Adversarial Reduced Order Modelling25 May 2023
- 2023Challenges and opportunities for machine learning in multiscale computational modeling22 Mar 2023
- 2023Multilevel Diffusion: Infinite Dimensional Score-Based Diffusion Models for Image Generation8 Mar 2023
- 2023Variational Autoencoding Neural Operators20 Feb 2023
- 2023Score-based Diffusion Models in Function Space14 Feb 2023
- 2023Neural Operator: Is data all you need to model the world? An insight into the paradigm of data-driven scientific ML30 Jan 2023
- 2023Deep Operator Learning Lessens the Curse of Dimensionality for PDEs28 Jan 2023
- 2022Diffusion Generative Models in Infinite Dimensions1 Dec 2022
- 2022PaCMO: Partner Dependent Human Motion Generation in Dyadic Human Activity using Neural Operators25 Nov 2022
- 2022Towards Multi-spatiotemporal-scale Generalized PDE Modeling30 Sep 2022
- 2022Clifford Neural Layers for PDE Modeling8 Sep 2022
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2023Score-based Diffusion Models in Function Spacecited by 80
- 2023Functional Flow Matchingcited by 63
- 2022Diffusion Generative Models in Infinite Dimensionscited by 49
- 2023Multilevel Diffusion: Infinite Dimensional Score-Based Diffusion Models for Image Generationcited by 37
- 2025Guided Diffusion Sampling on Function Spaces with Applications to PDEscited by 33
- 2025FunDiff: Diffusion Models over Function Spaces for Physics-Informed Generative Modelingcited by 19
- 2025Stochastic Process Learning via Operator Flow Matchingcited by 14
- 2025Flow Straight and Fast in Hilbert Space: Functional Rectified Flowcited by 5
- 2025Functional Mean Flow in Hilbert Spacecited by 5
- 2025Residual-augmented flow matching operators for probabilistic partial differential equationscited by 2
- 2023DFU: scale-robust diffusion model for zero-shot super-resolution image generationcited by 1
- 2025Operator Flow Matching for Timeseries Forecastingcited by 1
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- 2026Improving Function Space Flow Matching with Kernel Optimal Transport29 Sep 2026
- 2026Optimal-Transport-Guided Functional Flow Matching for Turbulent Field Generation in Hilbert Space7 Apr 2026
- 2026Infinite-dimensional generative diffusions via Doob's h-transform6 Feb 2026
- 2026Generative Neural Operators through Diffusion Last Layer4 Feb 2026
- 2025Residual-augmented flow matching operators for probabilistic partial differential equations14 Dec 2025
- 2025Functional Mean Flow in Hilbert Space17 Nov 2025
- 2025Operator Flow Matching for Timeseries Forecasting16 Oct 2025
- 2025Flow Straight and Fast in Hilbert Space: Functional Rectified Flow12 Sep 2025
- 2025FunDiff: Diffusion Models over Function Spaces for Physics-Informed Generative Modeling9 Jun 2025
- 2025Guided Diffusion Sampling on Function Spaces with Applications to PDEs22 May 2025
- 2025Stochastic Process Learning via Operator Flow Matching7 Jan 2025
- 2023DFU: scale-robust diffusion model for zero-shot super-resolution image generation30 Nov 2023
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- 2023Neural Operators for Accelerating Scientific Simulations and Designcited by 218
- 2022Towards Multi-spatiotemporal-scale Generalized PDE Modelingcited by 190
- 2022Clifford Neural Layers for PDE Modelingcited by 91
- 2023Multi-Grid Tensorized Fourier Neural Operator for High-Resolution PDEscited by 66
- 2023Training neural operators to preserve invariant measures of chaotic attractorscited by 43
- 2023Conditional Optimal Transport on Function Spacescited by 26
- 2022Approximate Bayesian Neural Operators: Uncertainty Quantification for Parametric PDEscited by 24
- 2023Variational Autoencoding Neural Operatorscited by 22
- 2023Deep Operator Learning Lessens the Curse of Dimensionality for PDEscited by 18
- 2023Broadband Ground Motion Synthesis via Generative Adversarial Neural Operators: Development and Validationcited by 12
- 2025Principled Approaches for Extending Neural Architectures to Function Spaces for Operator Learningcited by 11
- 2025Mesh-Informed Neural Operator : A Transformer Generative Approachcited by 11
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- 2026Deep operator learning for efficient sampling from invariant measures of stochastic differential equations10 Sep 2026
- 2026Diffusion-Based Stochastic Operator Networks for Uncertainty Quantification in Stochastic Partial Differential Equations16 May 2026
- 2026Inverse Neural Operator for ODE Parameter Optimization12 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Data-Efficient and Generalizable Neural Operators via Fundamental Physics Knowledge16 Feb 2026
- 2026GenPANIS: A Latent-Variable Generative Framework for Forward and Inverse PDE Problems in Multiphase Media16 Feb 2026
- 2026Neural Optimal Transport in Hilbert Spaces: Characterizing Spurious Solutions and Gaussian Smoothing15 Feb 2026
- 2025Differentiable Autoencoding Neural Operator for Interpretable and Integrable Latent Space Modeling30 Sep 2025
- 2025Probabilistic operator learning: generative modeling and uncertainty quantification for foundation models of differential equations5 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Neural Operators of Log-Complexity Can Simultaneously Solve Infinitely Many Convex Programs20 Aug 2025
- 2025Stochastic Operator Network: A Stochastic Maximum Principle Based Approach to Operator Learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Mesh-Informed Neural Operator : A Transformer Generative Approach20 Jun 2025
- 2025Principled Approaches for Extending Neural Architectures to Function Spaces for Operator Learning12 Jun 2025
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