MFA-Conformer: Multi-scale Feature Aggregation Conformer for Automatic Speaker Verification
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we present Multi-scale Feature Aggregation Conformer (MFA-Conformer), an easy-to-implement, simple but effective backbone for automatic speaker verification based on the Convolution-augmented Transformer (Conformer). The architecture of the MFA-Conformer is inspired by recent stateof-the-art models in speech recognition and speaker verification. Firstly, we introduce a convolution subsampling layer to decrease the computational cost of the model. Secondly, we adopt Conformer blocks which combine Transformers and convolution neural networks (CNNs) to capture global and local features effectively. Finally, the output feature maps from all Conformer blocks are concatenated to aggregate multi-scale representations before final pooling. We evaluate the MFA-Conformer on the widely used benchmarks. The best system obtains 0.64%, 1.29% and 1.63% EER on VoxCeleb1-O, SITW.Dev, and SITW.Eval set, respectively. MFA-Conformer significantly outperforms the popular ECAPA-TDNN systems in both recognition performance and inference speed. Last but not the least, the ablation studies clearly demonstrate that the combination of global and local feature learning can lead to robust and accurate speaker embedding extraction. We have also released the code for future comparison.
Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2022.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 13; 2024: 13; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2024ASVspoof 5: Crowdsourced Speech Data, Deepfakes, and Adversarial Attacks at Scalecited by 88
- 2024ESPnet-SPK: full pipeline speaker embedding toolkit with reproducible recipes, self-supervised front-ends, and off-the-shelf modelscited by 22
- 2023Towards single integrated spoofing-aware speaker verification embeddingscited by 7
- 2024a-DCF: an architecture agnostic metric with application to spoofing-robust speaker verificationcited by 6
- 2025SVeritas: Benchmark for Robust Speaker Verification under Diverse Conditionscited by 6
- 2022In search of strong embedding extractors for speaker diarisationcited by 5
- 2025Unveiling Audio Deepfake Origins: A Deep Metric learning And Conformer Network Approach With Ensemble Fusioncited by 5
- 2025CoLMbo: Speaker Language Model for Descriptive Profilingcited by 5
- 2022Large-scale learning of generalised representations for speaker recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Introducing Model Inversion Attacks on Automatic Speaker Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024HiddenSpeaker: Generate Imperceptible Unlearnable Audios for Speaker Verification Systemcited by 4
- 2023Improving Transformer-based Networks With Locality For Automatic Speaker Verificationcited by 3
32 more
- 2023Cross-modal Audio-visual Co-learning for Text-independent Speaker Verificationcited by 3
- 2023t-EER: Parameter-Free Tandem Evaluation of Countermeasures and Biometric Comparatorscited by 3
- 2024Efficient Adapter Tuning of Pre-trained Speech Models for Automatic Speaker Verificationcited by 3
- 2024PDAF: A Phonetic Debiasing Attention Framework For Speaker Verificationcited by 3
- 2024Channel-Aware Domain-Adaptive Generative Adversarial Network for Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 3
- 2022Adversarial Speaker Distillation for Countermeasure Model on Automatic Speaker Verificationcited by 2
- 2023Voice Morphing: Two Identities in One Voicecited by 2
- 2025CAARMA: Class Augmentation with Adversarial Mixup Regularizationcited by 2
- 2022Tackling Spoofing-Aware Speaker Verification with Multi-Model Fusioncited by 1
- 2022High-resolution embedding extractor for speaker diarisationcited by 1
- 2023DS-TDNN: Dual-stream Time-delay Neural Network with Global-aware Filter for Speaker Verificationcited by 1
- 2023ACA-Net: Towards Lightweight Speaker Verification using Asymmetric Cross Attentioncited by 1
- 2023Encoder-decoder multimodal speaker change detectioncited by 1
- 2024To what extent can ASV systems naturally defend against spoofing attacks?cited by 1
- 2024MR-RawNet: Speaker verification system with multiple temporal resolutions for variable duration utterances using raw waveformscited by 1
- 2025UniPET-SPK: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Tuning of Pre-trained Speech Models for Robust Speaker Verificationcited by 1
- 2025CNVSRC 2024: The Second Chinese Continuous Visual Speech Recognition Challengecited by 1
- 2025IML-Spikeformer: Input-aware Multi-Level Spiking Transformer for Speech Processingcited by 1
- 2025XLSR-Kanformer: A KAN-Intergrated model for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 1
- 2022Towards Cross-speaker Reading Style Transfer on Audiobook Datasetcited by 0
- 2023Analyzing And Improving Neural Speaker Embeddings for ASRcited by 0
- 2023Progressive Sub-Graph Clustering Algorithm for Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation Speaker Verificationcited by 0
- 2023DASA: Difficulty-Aware Semantic Augmentation for Speaker Verificationcited by 0
- 2023Scalable Ensemble-based Detection Method against Adversarial Attacks for speaker verificationcited by 0
- 2024LightCAM: A Fast and Light Implementation of Context-Aware Masking based D-TDNN for Speaker Verificationcited by 0
- 2024GMM-ResNext: Combining Generative and Discriminative Models for Speaker Verificationcited by 0
- 2024Pureformer-VC: Non-parallel One-Shot Voice Conversion with Pure Transformer Blocks and Triplet Discriminative Trainingcited by 0
- 2024Memory-Efficient Training for Text-Dependent SV with Independent Pre-trained Modelscited by 0
- 2026Universal Robust Speech Adaptation for Cross-Domain Speech Recognition and Enhancementcited by 0
- 2026Self-Supervised Learning for Speaker Recognition: A study and reviewcited by 0
- 2026LISE : Listenable Interpretable Speaker Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026MECT: Mixture of Experts with CNN-Transformer Network for Speaker verificationcited by 0
- 2026MECT: Mixture of Experts with CNN-Transformer Network for Speaker verification21 Sep 2026
- 2026LISE : Listenable Interpretable Speaker Embeddings19 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Learning for Speaker Recognition: A study and review11 Feb 2026
- 2026Universal Robust Speech Adaptation for Cross-Domain Speech Recognition and Enhancement4 Feb 2026
- 2025XLSR-Kanformer: A KAN-Intergrated model for Synthetic Speech Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025SVeritas: Benchmark for Robust Speaker Verification under Diverse Conditions21 Sep 2025
- 2025IML-Spikeformer: Input-aware Multi-Level Spiking Transformer for Speech Processing10 Jul 2025
- 2025CoLMbo: Speaker Language Model for Descriptive Profiling11 Jun 2025
- 2025Unveiling Audio Deepfake Origins: A Deep Metric learning And Conformer Network Approach With Ensemble Fusion2 Jun 2025
- 2025CNVSRC 2024: The Second Chinese Continuous Visual Speech Recognition Challenge27 May 2025
- 2025CAARMA: Class Augmentation with Adversarial Mixup Regularization20 Mar 2025
- 2025UniPET-SPK: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Tuning of Pre-trained Speech Models for Robust Speaker Verification27 Jan 2025
32 more
- 2024Memory-Efficient Training for Text-Dependent SV with Independent Pre-trained Models16 Nov 2024
- 2024Channel-Aware Domain-Adaptive Generative Adversarial Network for Robust Speech Recognition19 Sep 2024
- 2024PDAF: A Phonetic Debiasing Attention Framework For Speaker Verification9 Sep 2024
- 2024Pureformer-VC: Non-parallel One-Shot Voice Conversion with Pure Transformer Blocks and Triplet Discriminative Training3 Sep 2024
- 2024ASVspoof 5: Crowdsourced Speech Data, Deepfakes, and Adversarial Attacks at Scale16 Aug 2024
- 2024GMM-ResNext: Combining Generative and Discriminative Models for Speaker Verification3 Jul 2024
- 2024MR-RawNet: Speaker verification system with multiple temporal resolutions for variable duration utterances using raw waveforms11 Jun 2024
- 2024To what extent can ASV systems naturally defend against spoofing attacks?8 Jun 2024
- 2024HiddenSpeaker: Generate Imperceptible Unlearnable Audios for Speaker Verification System24 May 2024
- 2024a-DCF: an architecture agnostic metric with application to spoofing-robust speaker verification3 Mar 2024
- 2024Efficient Adapter Tuning of Pre-trained Speech Models for Automatic Speaker Verification1 Mar 2024
- 2024LightCAM: A Fast and Light Implementation of Context-Aware Masking based D-TDNN for Speaker Verification8 Feb 2024
- 2024ESPnet-SPK: full pipeline speaker embedding toolkit with reproducible recipes, self-supervised front-ends, and off-the-shelf models30 Jan 2024
- 2023Scalable Ensemble-based Detection Method against Adversarial Attacks for speaker verification14 Dec 2023
- 2023DASA: Difficulty-Aware Semantic Augmentation for Speaker Verification18 Oct 2023
- 2023t-EER: Parameter-Free Tandem Evaluation of Countermeasures and Biometric Comparators21 Sep 2023
- 2023Voice Morphing: Two Identities in One Voice5 Sep 2023
- 2023Encoder-decoder multimodal speaker change detection1 Jun 2023
- 2023Towards single integrated spoofing-aware speaker verification embeddings30 May 2023
- 2023Progressive Sub-Graph Clustering Algorithm for Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation Speaker Verification22 May 2023
- 2023ACA-Net: Towards Lightweight Speaker Verification using Asymmetric Cross Attention20 May 2023
- 2023DS-TDNN: Dual-stream Time-delay Neural Network with Global-aware Filter for Speaker Verification20 Mar 2023
- 2023Cross-modal Audio-visual Co-learning for Text-independent Speaker Verification22 Feb 2023
- 2023Improving Transformer-based Networks With Locality For Automatic Speaker Verification17 Feb 2023
- 2023Analyzing And Improving Neural Speaker Embeddings for ASR11 Jan 2023
- 2023Introducing Model Inversion Attacks on Automatic Speaker Recognition9 Jan 2023
- 2022High-resolution embedding extractor for speaker diarisation8 Nov 2022
- 2022In search of strong embedding extractors for speaker diarisation26 Oct 2022
- 2022Large-scale learning of generalised representations for speaker recognition20 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards Cross-speaker Reading Style Transfer on Audiobook Dataset10 Aug 2022
- 2022Tackling Spoofing-Aware Speaker Verification with Multi-Model Fusion18 Jun 2022
- 2022Adversarial Speaker Distillation for Countermeasure Model on Automatic Speaker Verification31 Mar 2022
- 2024ASVspoof 5: Crowdsourced Speech Data, Deepfakes, and Adversarial Attacks at Scalecited by 88
- 2024ESPnet-SPK: full pipeline speaker embedding toolkit with reproducible recipes, self-supervised front-ends, and off-the-shelf modelscited by 22
- 2023Towards single integrated spoofing-aware speaker verification embeddingscited by 7
- 2024a-DCF: an architecture agnostic metric with application to spoofing-robust speaker verificationcited by 6
- 2025SVeritas: Benchmark for Robust Speaker Verification under Diverse Conditionscited by 6
- 2022In search of strong embedding extractors for speaker diarisationcited by 5
- 2025Unveiling Audio Deepfake Origins: A Deep Metric learning And Conformer Network Approach With Ensemble Fusioncited by 5
- 2025CoLMbo: Speaker Language Model for Descriptive Profilingcited by 5
- 2022Large-scale learning of generalised representations for speaker recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Introducing Model Inversion Attacks on Automatic Speaker Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024HiddenSpeaker: Generate Imperceptible Unlearnable Audios for Speaker Verification Systemcited by 4
- 2023Improving Transformer-based Networks With Locality For Automatic Speaker Verificationcited by 3
12 most cited of 43 All 43 (JSON)
- 2026LISE : Listenable Interpretable Speaker Embeddings19 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Learning for Speaker Recognition: A study and review11 Feb 2026
- 2026Universal Robust Speech Adaptation for Cross-Domain Speech Recognition and Enhancement4 Feb 2026
- 2025XLSR-Kanformer: A KAN-Intergrated model for Synthetic Speech Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025SVeritas: Benchmark for Robust Speaker Verification under Diverse Conditions21 Sep 2025
- 2025IML-Spikeformer: Input-aware Multi-Level Spiking Transformer for Speech Processing10 Jul 2025
- 2025CoLMbo: Speaker Language Model for Descriptive Profiling11 Jun 2025
- 2025Unveiling Audio Deepfake Origins: A Deep Metric learning And Conformer Network Approach With Ensemble Fusion2 Jun 2025
- 2025CNVSRC 2024: The Second Chinese Continuous Visual Speech Recognition Challenge27 May 2025
- 2025CAARMA: Class Augmentation with Adversarial Mixup Regularization20 Mar 2025
- 2025UniPET-SPK: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Tuning of Pre-trained Speech Models for Robust Speaker Verification27 Jan 2025
- 2024Memory-Efficient Training for Text-Dependent SV with Independent Pre-trained Models16 Nov 2024
12 newest of 43 All 43 (JSON)