Hierarchical Sketch Induction for Paraphrase Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a generative model of paraphrase generation, that encourages syntactic diversity by conditioning on an explicit syntactic sketch. We introduce Hierarchical Refinement Quantized Variational Autoencoders (HRQ-VAE), a method for learning decompositions of dense encodings as a sequence of discrete latent variables that make iterative refinements of increasing granularity. This hierarchy of codes is learned through end-to-end training, and represents fine-to-coarse grained information about the input. We use HRQ-VAE to encode the syntactic form of an input sentence as a path through the hierarchy, allowing us to more easily predict syntactic sketches at test time. Extensive experiments, including a human evaluation, confirm that HRQ-VAE learns a hierarchical representation of the input space, and generates paraphrases of higher quality than previous systems.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2022.
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31 of 51 references.
References · 31
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- 2018Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Networkscited by 282
19 more
- 2019Continuous Hierarchical Representations with Poincar'e Variational Auto-Encoderscited by 111
- 2017Data Noising as Smoothing in Neural Network Language Modelscited by 78
- 2019Generating Sentences from Disentangled Syntactic and Semantic Spacescited by 59
- 2020Neural Syntactic Preordering for Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 56
- 2020Hierarchical Quantized Autoencoderscited by 55
- 2016Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networkscited by 52
- 2021Learning the Predictability of the Futurecited by 48
- 2020Syntax-guided Controlled Generation of Paraphrasescited by 47
- 2017Learning to Paraphrase for Question Answeringcited by 46
- 2021Generating Syntactically Controlled Paraphrases without Using Annotated Parallel Pairscited by 45
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- 2018Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Duplicate Question Detectioncited by 30
- 2020Paraphrase Generation with Latent Bag of Wordscited by 27
- 2021Factorising Meaning and Form for Intent-Preserving Paraphrasingcited by 22
- 2019Unsupervised Paraphrasing without Translationcited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 11; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.
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- 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 401
- 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 187
- 2023Human Feedback is not Gold Standardcited by 82
- 2025Unveiling Attractor Cycles in Large Language Models: A Dynamical Systems View of Successive Paraphrasingcited by 14
- 2024Bias in Opinion Summarisation from Pre-training to Adaptation: A Case Study in Political Biascited by 12
- 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Taskscited by 11
- 2023Diversify Question Generation with Retrieval-Augmented Style Transfercited by 10
- 2023Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More Referencescited by 8
- 2023Attributable and Scalable Opinion Summarizationcited by 6
- 2022Exploiting Inductive Bias in Transformers for Unsupervised Disentanglement of Syntax and Semantics with VAEscited by 3
- 2023Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generationcited by 2
- 2022Continuous Decomposition of Granularity for Neural Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
9 more
- 2022BotSIM: An End-to-End Bot Simulation Framework for Commercial Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 1
- 2023Language as a Latent Sequence: deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generationcited by 1
- 2023A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
- 2023Object Recognition from Scientific Document based on Compartment Refinement Frameworkcited by 1
- 2024Linguistically-Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
- 2023Interpretable Sentence Representation with Variational Autoencoders and Attentioncited by 0
- 2024Action Controlled Paraphrasingcited by 0
- 2025Bridging Compositional and Distributional Semantics: A Survey on Latent Semantic Geometry via AutoEncodercited by 0
- 2025SMCLM: Semantically Meaningful Causal Language Modeling for Autoregressive Paraphrase Generationcited by 0
- 2025SMCLM: Semantically Meaningful Causal Language Modeling for Autoregressive Paraphrase Generation4 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Compositional and Distributional Semantics: A Survey on Latent Semantic Geometry via AutoEncoder25 Jun 2025
- 2025Unveiling Attractor Cycles in Large Language Models: A Dynamical Systems View of Successive Paraphrasing21 Feb 2025
- 2024Linguistically-Controlled Paraphrase Generation31 Oct 2024
- 2024Action Controlled Paraphrasing18 May 2024
- 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Tasks8 Feb 2024
- 2024Bias in Opinion Summarisation from Pre-training to Adaptation: A Case Study in Political Bias1 Feb 2024
- 2023Object Recognition from Scientific Document based on Compartment Refinement Framework14 Dec 2023
- 2023Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generation25 Nov 2023
- 2023Diversify Question Generation with Retrieval-Augmented Style Transfer23 Oct 2023
- 2023A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-controlled Paraphrase Generation20 Oct 2023
- 2023Human Feedback is not Gold Standard28 Sep 2023
9 more
- 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learning7 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More References26 May 2023
- 2023Attributable and Scalable Opinion Summarization19 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Sentence Representation with Variational Autoencoders and Attention4 May 2023
- 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defense23 Mar 2023
- 2023Language as a Latent Sequence: deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generation5 Jan 2023
- 2022BotSIM: An End-to-End Bot Simulation Framework for Commercial Task-Oriented Dialog Systems22 Nov 2022
- 2022Continuous Decomposition of Granularity for Neural Paraphrase Generation5 Sep 2022
- 2022Exploiting Inductive Bias in Transformers for Unsupervised Disentanglement of Syntax and Semantics with VAEs12 May 2022
- 2023Human Feedback is not Gold Standardcited by 82
- 2023Human Feedback is not Gold Standard28 Sep 2023
- 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 187
- 2025Unveiling Attractor Cycles in Large Language Models: A Dynamical Systems View of Successive Paraphrasingcited by 14
- 2024Bias in Opinion Summarisation from Pre-training to Adaptation: A Case Study in Political Biascited by 12
- 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Taskscited by 11
- 2023Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More Referencescited by 8
- 2023Attributable and Scalable Opinion Summarizationcited by 6
- 2022Exploiting Inductive Bias in Transformers for Unsupervised Disentanglement of Syntax and Semantics with VAEscited by 3
- 2023Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generationcited by 2
- 2022Continuous Decomposition of Granularity for Neural Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
- 2022BotSIM: An End-to-End Bot Simulation Framework for Commercial Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 1
- 2023Language as a Latent Sequence: deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generationcited by 1
- 2023A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025SMCLM: Semantically Meaningful Causal Language Modeling for Autoregressive Paraphrase Generation4 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Compositional and Distributional Semantics: A Survey on Latent Semantic Geometry via AutoEncoder25 Jun 2025
- 2025Unveiling Attractor Cycles in Large Language Models: A Dynamical Systems View of Successive Paraphrasing21 Feb 2025
- 2024Linguistically-Controlled Paraphrase Generation31 Oct 2024
- 2024Action Controlled Paraphrasing18 May 2024
- 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Tasks8 Feb 2024
- 2024Bias in Opinion Summarisation from Pre-training to Adaptation: A Case Study in Political Bias1 Feb 2024
- 2023Object Recognition from Scientific Document based on Compartment Refinement Framework14 Dec 2023
- 2023Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generation25 Nov 2023
- 2023A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-controlled Paraphrase Generation20 Oct 2023
- 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learning7 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More References26 May 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)