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Hierarchical Sketch Induction for Paraphrase Generation

arXiv 2203.03463 ↗First posted 7 Mar 2022cs.CLcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a generative model of paraphrase generation, that encourages syntactic diversity by conditioning on an explicit syntactic sketch. We introduce Hierarchical Refinement Quantized Variational Autoencoders (HRQ-VAE), a method for learning decompositions of dense encodings as a sequence of discrete latent variables that make iterative refinements of increasing granularity. This hierarchy of codes is learned through end-to-end training, and represents fine-to-coarse grained information about the input. We use HRQ-VAE to encode the syntactic form of an input sentence as a path through the hierarchy, allowing us to more easily predict syntactic sketches at test time. Extensive experiments, including a human evaluation, confirm that HRQ-VAE learns a hierarchical representation of the input space, and generates paraphrases of higher quality than previous systems.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2022.

Builds on

31 of 51 references.

References · 31

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
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  12. 2018Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Networkscited by 282
19 more
  1. 2019Continuous Hierarchical Representations with Poincar'e Variational Auto-Encoderscited by 111
  2. 2017Data Noising as Smoothing in Neural Network Language Modelscited by 78
  3. 2019Generating Sentences from Disentangled Syntactic and Semantic Spacescited by 59
  4. 2020Neural Syntactic Preordering for Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 56
  5. 2020Hierarchical Quantized Autoencoderscited by 55
  6. 2016Neural Paraphrase Generation with Stacked Residual LSTM Networkscited by 52
  7. 2021Learning the Predictability of the Futurecited by 48
  8. 2020Syntax-guided Controlled Generation of Paraphrasescited by 47
  9. 2017Learning to Paraphrase for Question Answeringcited by 46
  10. 2021Generating Syntactically Controlled Paraphrases without Using Annotated Parallel Pairscited by 45
  11. 2019Controllable Paraphrase Generation with a Syntactic Exemplarcited by 44
  12. 2019A Multi-Task Approach for Disentangling Syntax and Semantics in Sentence Representationscited by 37
  13. 2018Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Duplicate Question Detectioncited by 30
  14. 2020Paraphrase Generation with Latent Bag of Wordscited by 27
  15. 2021Factorising Meaning and Form for Intent-Preserving Paraphrasingcited by 22
  16. 2019Unsupervised Paraphrasing without Translationcited by 19
  17. 2021ConRPG: Paraphrase Generation using Contexts as Regularizercited by 13
  18. 2021Pushing Paraphrase Away from Original Sentence: A Multi-Round Paraphrase Generation Approachcited by 7
  19. 2020Relaxed-Responsibility Hierarchical Discrete VAEscited by 4

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 11; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.

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  1. 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 401
  2. 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 187
  3. 2023Human Feedback is not Gold Standardcited by 82
  4. 2025Unveiling Attractor Cycles in Large Language Models: A Dynamical Systems View of Successive Paraphrasingcited by 14
  5. 2024Bias in Opinion Summarisation from Pre-training to Adaptation: A Case Study in Political Biascited by 12
  6. 2024GPTs Are Multilingual Annotators for Sequence Generation Taskscited by 11
  7. 2023Diversify Question Generation with Retrieval-Augmented Style Transfercited by 10
  8. 2023Evaluation of Question Generation Needs More Referencescited by 8
  9. 2023Attributable and Scalable Opinion Summarizationcited by 6
  10. 2022Exploiting Inductive Bias in Transformers for Unsupervised Disentanglement of Syntax and Semantics with VAEscited by 3
  11. 2023Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generationcited by 2
  12. 2022Continuous Decomposition of Granularity for Neural Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
9 more
  1. 2022BotSIM: An End-to-End Bot Simulation Framework for Commercial Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 1
  2. 2023Language as a Latent Sequence: deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generationcited by 1
  3. 2023A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
  4. 2023Object Recognition from Scientific Document based on Compartment Refinement Frameworkcited by 1
  5. 2024Linguistically-Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 1
  6. 2023Interpretable Sentence Representation with Variational Autoencoders and Attentioncited by 0
  7. 2024Action Controlled Paraphrasingcited by 0
  8. 2025Bridging Compositional and Distributional Semantics: A Survey on Latent Semantic Geometry via AutoEncodercited by 0
  9. 2025SMCLM: Semantically Meaningful Causal Language Modeling for Autoregressive Paraphrase Generationcited by 0