mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Automatic speaker verification spoofing and deepfake detection using wav2vec 2.0 and data augmentation

arXiv 2202.12233 ↗First posted 24 Feb 2022eess.AS cs.SDcited by 110

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Abstract (arXiv)

The performance of spoofing countermeasure systems depends fundamentally upon the use of sufficiently representative training data. With this usually being limited, current solutions typically lack generalisation to attacks encountered in the wild. Strategies to improve reliability in the face of uncontrolled, unpredictable attacks are hence needed. We report in this paper our efforts to use self-supervised learning in the form of a wav2vec 2.0 front-end with fine tuning. Despite initial base representations being learned using only bona fide data and no spoofed data, we obtain the lowest equal error rates reported in the literature for both the ASVspoof 2021 Logical Access and Deepfake databases. When combined with data augmentation,these results correspond to an improvement of almost 90% relative to our baseline system.

Key facts. Cited by 110 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2022.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 7; 2024: 34; 2025: 30; 2026: 33.

110 papers.

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  1. 2024The Codecfake Dataset and Countermeasures for the Universally Detection of Deepfake Audiocited by 31
  2. 2023Improved DeepFake Detection Using Whisper Featurescited by 28
  3. 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detectioncited by 27
  4. 2024Temporal-Channel Modeling in Multi-head Self-Attention for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 24
  5. 2023SingFake: Singing Voice Deepfake Detectioncited by 21
  6. 2024SONICS: Synthetic Or Not -- Identifying Counterfeit Songscited by 21
  7. 2024Mixture of Experts Fusion for Fake Audio Detection Using Frozen wav2vec 2.0cited by 20
  8. 2025Speech DF Arena: A Leaderboard for Speech DeepFake Detection Modelscited by 20
  9. 2024Attentive Merging of Hidden Embeddings from Pre-trained Speech Model for Anti-spoofing Detectioncited by 17
  10. 2025Nes2Net: A Lightweight Nested Architecture for Foundation Model Driven Speech Anti-spoofingcited by 17
  11. 2023Do You Remember? Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting for Fake Audio Detectioncited by 11
  12. 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection modelscited by 11
38 more
  1. 2025EnvSDD: Benchmarking Environmental Sound Deepfake Detectioncited by 11
  2. 2023Malafide: a novel adversarial convolutive noise attack against deepfake and spoofing detection systemscited by 10
  3. 2024How Do Neural Spoofing Countermeasures Detect Partially Spoofed Audio?cited by 10
  4. 2024Exploring WavLM Back-ends for Speech Spoofing and Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  5. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  6. 2023Multi-Dataset Co-Training with Sharpness-Aware Optimization for Audio Anti-spoofingcited by 9
  7. 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectorscited by 9
  8. 2024Harder or Different? Understanding Generalization of Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
  9. 2022Anti-Spoofing Using Transfer Learning with Variational Information Bottleneckcited by 8
  10. 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
  11. 2024AASIST3: KAN-Enhanced AASIST Speech Deepfake Detection using SSL Features and Additional Regularization for the ASVspoof 2024 Challengecited by 8
  12. 2024Diffuse or Confuse: A Diffusion Deepfake Speech Datasetcited by 8
  13. 2024USTC-KXDIGIT System Description for ASVspoof5 Challengecited by 7
  14. 2024Speech Foundation Model Ensembles for the Controlled Singing Voice Deepfake Detection (CtrSVDD) Challenge 2024cited by 7
  15. 2024Towards Quantifying and Reducing Language Mismatch Effects in Cross-Lingual Speech Anti-Spoofingcited by 7
  16. 2024Prompt Tuning for Audio Deepfake Detection: Computationally Efficient Test-time Domain Adaptation with Limited Target Datasetcited by 7
  17. 2025Detect All-Type Deepfake Audio: Wavelet Prompt Tuning for Enhanced Auditory Perceptioncited by 7
  18. 2025Weakly-supervised Audio Temporal Forgery Localization via Progressive Audio-language Co-learning Networkcited by 6
  19. 2025Replay Attacks Against Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
  20. 2024Generalized Source Tracing: Detecting Novel Audio Deepfake Algorithm with Real Emphasis and Fake Dispersion Strategycited by 5
  21. 2024Easy, Interpretable, Effective: openSMILE for voice deepfake detectioncited by 5
  22. 2024VoiceWukong: Benchmarking Deepfake Voice Detectioncited by 5
  23. 2024Learn from Real: Reality Defender's Submission to ASVspoof5 Challengecited by 5
  24. 2026Towards Explicit Acoustic Evidence Perception in Audio LLMs for Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 5
  25. 2026Assessing the Impact of Speaker Identity in Speech Spoofing Detectioncited by 5
  26. 2025What Does an Audio Deepfake Detector Focus on? A Study in the Time Domaincited by 4
  27. 2025Generalizable speech deepfake detection via meta-learned LoRAcited by 4
  28. 2026Do Compact SSL Backbones Matter for Audio Deepfake Detection? A Controlled Study with RAPTORcited by 4
  29. 2026Towards Robust Speech Deepfake Detection via Human-Inspired Reasoningcited by 4
  30. 2023t-EER: Parameter-Free Tandem Evaluation of Countermeasures and Biometric Comparatorscited by 3
  31. 2024Audio Codec Augmentation for Robust Collaborative Watermarking of Speech Synthesiscited by 3
  32. 2024Toward Robust Real-World Audio Deepfake Detection: Closing the Explainability Gapcited by 3
  33. 2024Meta-Learning Approaches for Improving Detection of Unseen Speech Deepfakescited by 3
  34. 2025Improving Out-of-Domain Audio Deepfake Detection via Layer Selection and Fusion of SSL-Based Countermeasurescited by 3
  35. 2026AFSS: Artifact-Focused Self-Synthesis for Mitigating Bias in Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
  36. 2022Spoofing-Aware Speaker Verification by Multi-Level Fusioncited by 2
  37. 2022Adversarial Speaker Distillation for Countermeasure Model on Automatic Speaker Verificationcited by 2
  38. 2022Deep Spectro-temporal Artifacts for Detecting Synthesized Speechcited by 2

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