Attributable-Watermarking of Speech Generative Models
On the map: LLM safety and security → Watermarking generated content and models
Abstract (arXiv)
Generative models are now capable of synthesizing images, speeches, and videos that are hardly distinguishable from authentic contents. Such capabilities cause concerns such as malicious impersonation and IP theft. This paper investigates a solution for model attribution, i.e., the classification of synthetic contents by their source models via watermarks embedded in the contents. Building on past success of model attribution in the image domain, we discuss algorithmic improvements for generating user-end speech models that empirically achieve high attribution accuracy, while maintaining high generation quality. We show the trade off between attributability and generation quality under a variety of attacks on generated speech signals attempting to remove the watermarks, and the feasibility of learning robust watermarks against these attacks.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Watermarking generated content and models, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 12 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2022.
Builds on
12 of 24 references.
References · 12
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
- 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 847
- 2018Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognitioncited by 752
- 2019MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesiscited by 354
- 2018Adversarial Audio Synthesiscited by 225
- 2018Do GANs leave artificial fingerprints?cited by 190
- 2020Image Generators with Conditionally-Independent Pixel Synthesiscited by 106
- 2019High Fidelity Speech Synthesis with Adversarial Networkscited by 92
- 2019Source Generator Attribution via Inversioncited by 22
- 2018Voice Impersonation using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 17
- 2020Decentralized Attribution of Generative Modelscited by 17
- 2020On Attribution of Deepfakescited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
5 papers.
- 2024SoK: Watermarking for AI-Generated Contentcited by 51
- 2024Watermarking Techniques for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 23
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 18
- 2025SOLIDO: A Robust Watermarking Method for Speech Synthesis via Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 1
- 2025TriniMark: A Robust Generative Speech Watermarking Method for Trinity-Level Traceabilitycited by 0
- 2025TriniMark: A Robust Generative Speech Watermarking Method for Trinity-Level Traceability29 Apr 2025
- 2025SOLIDO: A Robust Watermarking Method for Speech Synthesis via Low-Rank Adaptation21 Apr 2025
- 2024SoK: Watermarking for AI-Generated Content27 Nov 2024
- 2024Watermarking Techniques for Large Language Models: A Survey26 Aug 2024
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Review7 Jul 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Source Attribution for Large Language Model-Generated Data
- 2025Watermarking across Modalities for Content Tracing and Generative AI
- 2026VocBulwark: Towards Practical Generative Speech Watermarking via Additional-Parameter Injection
- 2025Traceable TTS: Toward Watermark-Free TTS with Strong Traceability
- 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Content
- 2026Hidden in Plain Tokens: Simply Robust, Gradient-Free Watermark for Synthetic Audio
- 2024AudioMarkBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Audio Watermarking
- 2024Watermark-based Attribution of AI-Generated Content