mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CoSSL: Co-Learning of Representation and Classifier for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning

arXiv 2112.04564 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we propose a novel co-learning framework (CoSSL) with decoupled representation learning and classifier learning for imbalanced SSL. To handle the data imbalance, we devise Tail-class Feature Enhancement (TFE) for classifier learning. Furthermore, the current evaluation protocol for imbalanced SSL focuses only on balanced test sets, which has limited practicality in real-world scenarios. Therefore, we further conduct a comprehensive evaluation under various shifted test distributions. In experiments, we show that our approach outperforms other methods over a large range of shifted distributions, achieving state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets ranging from CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, ImageNet, to Food-101. Our code will be made publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2021.

Builds on

40 of 64 references.

References · 40

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,155
  5. 2016Wide Residual Networkscited by 3,057
  6. 2016Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotationscited by 2,646
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  8. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,080
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  10. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
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28 more
  1. 2019Learning Imbalanced Datasets with Label-Distribution-Aware Margin Losscited by 987
  2. 2019Decoupling Representation and Classifier for Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 806
  3. 2019Large-Scale Long-Tailed Recognition in an Open Worldcited by 704
  4. 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 621
  5. 2020Long-tail learning via logit adjustmentcited by 605
  6. 2017A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networkscited by 510
  7. 2014Semi-Supervised Learning with Deep Generative Modelscited by 494
  8. 2016Regularization With Stochastic Transformations and Perturbations for Deep Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 441
  9. 2019BBN: Bilateral-Branch Network with Cumulative Learning for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 403
  10. 2017A Downsampled Variant of ImageNet as an Alternative to the CIFAR datasetscited by 374
  11. 2020Long-Tailed Classification by Keeping the Good and Removing the Bad Momentum Causal Effectcited by 256
  12. 2015Semi-Supervised Learning with Ladder Networkscited by 246
  13. 2014Learning with Pseudo-Ensemblescited by 241
  14. 2016What makes ImageNet good for transfer learning?cited by 192
  15. 2021CReST: A Class-Rebalancing Self-Training Framework for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 174
  16. 2020Disentangling Label Distribution for Long-tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 172
  17. 2020Overcoming Classifier Imbalance for Long-tail Object Detection with Balanced Group Softmaxcited by 152
  18. 2020The Devil is in Classification: A Simple Framework for Long-tail Object Detection and Instance Segmentationcited by 108
  19. 2020Distribution Aligning Refinery of Pseudo-label for Imbalanced Semi-supervised Learningcited by 105
  20. 2016Semi-Supervised Learning with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 103
  21. 2017The Devil is in the Tails: Fine-grained Classification in the Wildcited by 89
  22. 2021ABC: Auxiliary Balanced Classifier for Class-imbalanced Semi-supervised Learningcited by 65
  23. 2017Smooth Neighbors on Teacher Graphs for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 48
  24. 2018Deep Metric Transfer for Label Propagation with Limited Annotated Datacited by 33
  25. 2020Class-Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 28
  26. 2021Procrustean Training for Imbalanced Deep Learningcited by 24
  27. 2016Semi-Supervised Learning with Context-Conditional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 19
  28. 2021Rethinking Re-Sampling in Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 12; 2024: 14; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.

41 papers.

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  1. 2022FreeMatch: Self-adaptive Thresholding for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 232
  2. 2023SoftMatch: Addressing the Quantity-Quality Trade-off in Semi-supervised Learningcited by 133
  3. 2022USB: A Unified Semi-supervised Learning Benchmark for Classificationcited by 95
  4. 2023Towards Generic Semi-Supervised Framework for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentationcited by 35
  5. 2021Revisiting Consistency Regularization for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 34
  6. 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learningcited by 27
  7. 2023Shrinking Class Space for Enhanced Certainty in Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 17
  8. 2024SimPro: A Simple Probabilistic Framework Towards Realistic Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 14
  9. 2022An Embarrassingly Simple Baseline for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 12
  10. 2024CDMAD: Class-Distribution-Mismatch-Aware Debiasing for Class-Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 10
  11. 2024Continuous Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Recognitioncited by 10
  12. 2022Transfer and Share: Semi-Supervised Learning from Long-Tailed Datacited by 9
29 more
  1. 2023Flexible Distribution Alignment: Towards Long-tailed Semi-supervised Learning with Proper Calibrationcited by 7
  2. 2025A Square Peg in a Square Hole: Meta-Expert for Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  3. 2024Class-Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning for Large-Scale Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation via Decoupling Optimizationcited by 6
  4. 2024BEM: Balanced and Entropy-based Mix for Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 6
  5. 2022Semi-Supervised Adversarial Recognition of Refined Window Structures for Inverse Procedural Faccade Modelingcited by 3
  6. 2023UCE-FID: Using Large Unlabeled, Medium Crowdsourced-Labeled, and Small Expert-Labeled Tweets for Foodborne Illness Detectioncited by 3
  7. 2024AllMatch: Exploiting All Unlabeled Data for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 3
  8. 2025Unlabeled Data vs. Pre-trained Knowledge: Rethinking SSL in the Era of Large Modelscited by 3
  9. 2023Semi-Supervised and Long-Tailed Object Detection with CascadeMatchcited by 2
  10. 2023Debiasing, calibrating, and improving Semi-supervised Learning performance via simple Ensemble Projectorcited by 2
  11. 2024Selective Mixup Fine-Tuning for Optimizing Non-Decomposable Objectivescited by 2
  12. 2023Refining the ONCE Benchmark with Hyperparameter Tuningcited by 1
  13. 2024IMWA: Iterative Model Weight Averaging Benefits Class-Imbalanced Learning Taskscited by 1
  14. 2024Decouple then Converge: Handling Unknown Unlabeled Distributions in Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1
  15. 2025Keep It on a Leash: Controllable Pseudo-label Generation Towards Realistic Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1
  16. 2025Sampling Control for Imbalanced Calibration in Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1
  17. 2026Geometric Regularization for Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learning via Gaussian Feature Bridgescited by 1
  18. 2023BMB: Balanced Memory Bank for Imbalanced Semi-supervised Learningcited by 0
  19. 2023Class-Specific Distribution Alignment for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Classificationcited by 0
  20. 2023SemiGPC: Distribution-Aware Label Refinement for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning Using Gaussian Processescited by 0
  21. 2023CLAF: Contrastive Learning with Augmented Features for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  22. 2024Towards Realistic Long-tailed Semi-supervised Learning in an Open Worldcited by 0
  23. 2024Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning via Label Refinement and Threshold Adjustmentcited by 0
  24. 2024Image-Feature Weak-to-Strong Consistency: An Enhanced Paradigm for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  25. 2024CoVLM: Leveraging Consensus from Vision-Language Models for Semi-supervised Multi-modal Fake News Detectioncited by 0
  26. 2025SeMi: When Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learning Meets Mining Hard Examplescited by 0
  27. 2025ULFine: Unbiased Lightweight Fine-tuning for Foundation-Model-Assisted Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  28. 2026Beyond Distribution Estimation: Simplex Anchored Structural Inference Towards Universal Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  29. 2026Learning Dynamics of Logits Debiasing for Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 0