AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent years have witnessed the increasing application of place recognition in various environments, such as city roads, large buildings, and a mix of indoor and outdoor places. This task, however, still remains challenging due to the limitations of different sensors and the changing appearance of environments. Current works only consider the use of individual sensors, or simply combine different sensors, ignoring the fact that the importance of different sensors varies as the environment changes. In this paper, an adaptive weighting visual-LiDAR fusion method, named AdaFusion, is proposed to learn the weights for both images and point cloud features. Features of these two modalities are thus contributed differently according to the current environmental situation. The learning of weights is achieved by the attention branch of the network, which is then fused with the multi-modality feature extraction branch. Furthermore, to better utilize the potential relationship between images and point clouds, we design a twostage fusion approach to combine the 2D and 3D attention. Our work is tested on two public datasets, and experiments show that the adaptive weights help improve recognition accuracy and system robustness to varying environments.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2021.
Builds on
26 of 43 references.
References · 26
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
- 2018CBAM: Convolutional Block Attention Modulecited by 2,463
- 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
- 2015NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognitioncited by 935
- 2017Fine-tuning CNN Image Retrieval with No Human Annotationcited by 497
- 2019Attention Augmented Convolutional Networkscited by 363
- 20163DMatch: Learning Local Geometric Descriptors from RGB-D Reconstructionscited by 333
- 2021Patch-NetVLAD: Multi-Scale Fusion of Locally-Global Descriptors for Place Recognitioncited by 236
- 2018PointNetVLAD: Deep Point Cloud Based Retrieval for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 197
- 2016End-to-end Learning of Deep Visual Representations for Image Retrievalcited by 122
- 2020MinkLoc3D: Point Cloud Based Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 114
14 more
- 2017Deep Learning Features at Scale for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 96
- 2021Scan Context++: Structural Place Recognition Robust to Rotation and Lateral Variations in Urban Environmentscited by 72
- 2019PCAN: 3D Attention Map Learning Using Contextual Information for Point Cloud Based Retrievalcited by 68
- 2020SOE-Net: A Self-Attention and Orientation Encoding Network for Point Cloud based Place Recognitioncited by 66
- 2021MinkLoc++: Lidar and Monocular Image Fusion for Place Recognitioncited by 41
- 2019Multi-Process Fusion: Visual Place Recognition Using Multiple Image Processing Methodscited by 38
- 2020Locus: LiDAR-based Place Recognition using Spatiotemporal Higher-Order Poolingcited by 38
- 2020DiSCO: Differentiable Scan Context with Orientationcited by 28
- 2020Augmenting Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cuescited by 23
- 2020CORAL: Colored structural representation for bi-modal place recognitioncited by 18
- 2020PIC-Net: Point Cloud and Image Collaboration Network for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 16
- 2021AttDLNet: Attention-based DL Network for 3D LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 10
- 2020OneShot Global Localization: Instant LiDAR-Visual Pose Estimationcited by 9
- 2019CAMAL: Context-Aware Multi-layer Attention framework for Lightweight Environment Invariant Visual Place Recognitioncited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 12; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.
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- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2023LIP-Loc: LiDAR Image Pretraining for Cross-Modal Localizationcited by 26
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2024V2X-R: Cooperative LiDAR-4D Radar Fusion with Denoising Diffusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 17
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2024Enabling Visual Recognition at Radio Frequencycited by 11
- 2022AutoMerge: A Framework for Map Assembling and Smoothing in City-scale Environmentscited by 10
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environmentscited by 7
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semanticscited by 7
24 more
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2023Leveraging BEV Representation for 360-degree Visual Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Explicit Interaction for Fusion-Based Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Visual Localization in 3D Maps: Comparing Point Cloud, Mesh, and NeRF Representationscited by 4
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environmentscited by 4
- 2026Next-Scale Autoregressive Models for Text-to-Motion Generationcited by 4
- 2024BEV2PR: BEV-Enhanced Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cuescited by 3
- 2025LRFusionPR: A Polar BEV-Based LiDAR-Radar Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024PRISM-TopoMap: Online Topological Mapping with Place Recognition and Scan Matchingcited by 2
- 2024PRFusion: Toward Effective and Robust Multi-Modal Place Recognition with Image and Point Cloud Fusioncited by 2
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusioncited by 2
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environmentscited by 2
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognitioncited by 2
- 2026PRAM-R: A Perception-Reasoning-Action-Memory Framework with LLM-Guided Modality Routing for Adaptive Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2022Attention-Enhanced Cross-modal Localization Between 360 Images and Point Cloudscited by 1
- 2023Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Latent Contact for Place Recognition in Challenging Cross-Scenescited by 1
- 2025Localization Meets Uncertainty: Uncertainty-Aware Multi-Modal Localizationcited by 1
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environmentscited by 1
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 1
- 2024A Deeper Look into Second-Order Feature Aggregation for LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Towards classification-based representation learning for place recognition on LiDAR scanscited by 0
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environmentscited by 0
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forestscited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognition10 May 2026
- 2026Next-Scale Autoregressive Models for Text-to-Motion Generation4 Apr 2026
- 2026PRAM-R: A Perception-Reasoning-Action-Memory Framework with LLM-Guided Modality Routing for Adaptive Autonomous Driving4 Mar 2026
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environments23 Feb 2026
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognition3 Feb 2026
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Survey29 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environments21 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environments7 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards classification-based representation learning for place recognition on LiDAR scans1 Nov 2025
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusion7 Sep 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
24 more
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVs30 Jul 2025
- 2025LRFusionPR: A Polar BEV-Based LiDAR-Radar Fusion Network for Place Recognition27 Apr 2025
- 2025Localization Meets Uncertainty: Uncertainty-Aware Multi-Modal Localization10 Apr 2025
- 2024V2X-R: Cooperative LiDAR-4D Radar Fusion with Denoising Diffusion for 3D Object Detection13 Nov 2024
- 2024PRFusion: Toward Effective and Robust Multi-Modal Place Recognition with Image and Point Cloud Fusion7 Oct 2024
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving1 Oct 2024
- 2024A Deeper Look into Second-Order Feature Aggregation for LiDAR Place Recognition24 Sep 2024
- 2024Visual Localization in 3D Maps: Comparing Point Cloud, Mesh, and NeRF Representations21 Aug 2024
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semantics22 Jul 2024
- 2024Enabling Visual Recognition at Radio Frequency29 May 2024
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomy8 May 2024
- 2024PRISM-TopoMap: Online Topological Mapping with Place Recognition and Scan Matching2 Apr 2024
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environments20 Mar 2024
- 2024BEV2PR: BEV-Enhanced Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cues11 Mar 2024
- 2024Explicit Interaction for Fusion-Based Place Recognition27 Feb 2024
- 2023LIP-Loc: LiDAR Image Pretraining for Cross-Modal Localization27 Dec 2023
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognition17 Dec 2023
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognition6 Nov 2023
- 2023Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Latent Contact for Place Recognition in Challenging Cross-Scenes16 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging BEV Representation for 360-degree Visual Place Recognition23 May 2023
- 2022Attention-Enhanced Cross-modal Localization Between 360 Images and Point Clouds6 Dec 2022
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Map12 Oct 2022
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Age9 Sep 2022
- 2022AutoMerge: A Framework for Map Assembling and Smoothing in City-scale Environments14 Jul 2022
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2023LIP-Loc: LiDAR Image Pretraining for Cross-Modal Localizationcited by 26
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 17
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2024Enabling Visual Recognition at Radio Frequencycited by 11
- 2022AutoMerge: A Framework for Map Assembling and Smoothing in City-scale Environmentscited by 10
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environmentscited by 7
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semanticscited by 7
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognition10 May 2026
- 2026Next-Scale Autoregressive Models for Text-to-Motion Generation4 Apr 2026
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environments23 Feb 2026
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognition3 Feb 2026
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Survey29 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environments21 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environments7 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards classification-based representation learning for place recognition on LiDAR scans1 Nov 2025
- 2025DVLO4D: Deep Visual-Lidar Odometry with Sparse Spatial-temporal Fusion7 Sep 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVs30 Jul 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)