MinkLoc3D: Point Cloud Based Large-Scale Place Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
The paper presents a learning-based method for computing a discriminative 3D point cloud descriptor for place recognition purposes. Existing methods, such as PointNetVLAD, are based on unordered point cloud representation. They use PointNet as the first processing step to extract local features, which are later aggregated into a global descriptor. The PointNet architecture is not well suited to capture local geometric structures. Thus, state-of-the-art methods enhance vanilla PointNet architecture by adding different mechanism to capture local contextual information, such as graph convolutional networks or using hand-crafted features. We present an alternative approach, dubbed MinkLoc3D, to compute a discriminative 3D point cloud descriptor, based on a sparse voxelized point cloud representation and sparse 3D convolutions. The proposed method has a simple and efficient architecture. Evaluation on standard benchmarks proves that MinkLoc3D outperforms current state-of-the-art. Our code is publicly available on the project website: https://github.com/jac99/MinkLoc3D
Key facts. Cited by 114 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 15; 2023: 21; 2024: 25; 2025: 21; 2026: 20.
114 papers.
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- 2021LoGG3D-Net: Locally Guided Global Descriptor Learning for 3D Place Recognitioncited by 51
- 2022Improving Point Cloud Based Place Recognition with Ranking-based Loss and Large Batch Trainingcited by 44
- 2021MinkLoc++: Lidar and Monocular Image Fusion for Place Recognitioncited by 41
- 2023BEVPlace: Learning LiDAR-based Place Recognition using Bird's Eye View Imagescited by 39
- 2021SVT-Net: Super Light-Weight Sparse Voxel Transformer for Large Scale Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2021AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2023Text2Loc: 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Languagecited by 35
- 2021TransLoc3D : Point Cloud based Large-scale Place Recognition using Adaptive Receptive Fieldscited by 29
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2021EgoNN: Egocentric Neural Network for Point Cloud Based 6DoF Relocalization at the City Scalecited by 25
- 2021SSC: Semantic Scan Context for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 24
38 more
- 2023Advancements in Point Cloud Data Augmentation for Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 24
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2022InCloud: Incremental Learning for Point Cloud Place Recognitioncited by 22
- 2022CASSPR: Cross Attention Single Scan Place Recognitioncited by 22
- 2022Spectral Geometric Verification: Re-Ranking Point Cloud Retrieval for Metric Localizationcited by 21
- 2022SeqOT: A Spatial-Temporal Transformer Network for Place Recognition Using Sequential LiDAR Datacited by 20
- 2023CVTNet: A Cross-View Transformer Network for Place Recognition Using LiDAR Datacited by 19
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 17
- 2023I2P-Rec: Recognizing Images on Large-scale Point Cloud Maps through Bird's Eye View Projectionscited by 15
- 2023Fast and Accurate Deep Loop Closing and Relocalization for Reliable LiDAR SLAMcited by 15
- 2022STUN: Self-Teaching Uncertainty Estimation for Place Recognitioncited by 13
- 2021MinkLoc3D-SI: 3D LiDAR place recognition with sparse convolutions, spherical coordinates, and intensitycited by 12
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2022HiTPR: Hierarchical Transformer for Place Recognition in Point Cloudcited by 10
- 2022AutoMerge: A Framework for Map Assembling and Smoothing in City-scale Environmentscited by 10
- 2023CrossLoc3D: Aerial-Ground Cross-Source 3D Place Recognitioncited by 10
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speedcited by 10
- 2022CGiS-Net: Aggregating Colour, Geometry and Implicit Semantic Features for Indoor Place Recognitioncited by 9
- 2022SphereVLAD++: Attention-based and Signal-enhanced Viewpoint Invariant Descriptorcited by 8
- 2023CCL: Continual Contrastive Learning for LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2023GeoAdapt: Self-Supervised Test-Time Adaptation in LiDAR Place Recognition Using Geometric Priorscited by 8
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2025CMMLoc: Advancing Text-to-PointCloud Localization with Cauchy-Mixture-Model Based Frameworkcited by 8
- 2025HOTFormerLoc: Hierarchical Octree Transformer for Versatile Lidar Place Recognition Across Ground and Aerial Viewscited by 8
- 2024VOLoc: Visual Place Recognition by Querying Compressed Lidar Mapcited by 7
- 2024SALSA: Swift Adaptive Lightweight Self-Attention for Enhanced LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 7
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semanticscited by 7
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2024RecNet: An Invertible Point Cloud Encoding through Range Image Embeddings for Multi-Robot Map Sharing and Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2024MinkUNeXt: Point Cloud-based Large-scale Place Recognition using 3D Sparse Convolutionscited by 6
- 2025ForestLPR: LiDAR Place Recognition in Forests Attentioning Multiple BEV Density Imagescited by 6
- 2021RPR-Net: A Point Cloud-based Rotation-aware Large Scale Place Recognition Networkcited by 5
- 2022Learning to Register Unbalanced Point Pairscited by 5
- 2024RING#: PR-by-PE Global Localization with Roto-translation Equivariant Gram Learningcited by 5
- 2023Leveraging BEV Representation for 360-degree Visual Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024VXP: Voxel-Cross-Pixel Large-scale Image-LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024FRAME: A Modular Framework for Autonomous Map Merging: Advancements in the Fieldcited by 4
- 2021Large-Scale Topological Radar Localization Using Learned Descriptorscited by 3
50 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Temporal-Aware Fusion for Robust Outdoor LiDAR Localization29 Sep 2026
- 2026PosEviLoc: Position-Conditioned Spatial Evidence for Language-Based 3D Localization20 Sep 2026
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026LightLoc++: Sensor-Robust Representation Learning for Efficient Outdoor LiDAR Localization15 Aug 2026
- 2026UQ-Loc: Uncertainty-Aware LiDAR Scene Coordinate Regression6 Aug 2026
- 2026DTIF: Robust Loop Closure Detection via Delaunay Triangle Topology in Complex Forests23 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning 1-Bit LiDAR-based Localization with Auxiliary Objective26 Jun 2026
- 2026Aerial-ground LiDAR place recognition with patch-level self-supervised learning and expanded reciprocal re-ranking17 Jun 2026
- 2026LEADER: Learning Reliable Local-to-Global Correspondences for LiDAR Relocalization13 Apr 2026
- 2026MPTF-Net: Multi-view Pyramid Transformer Fusion Network for LiDAR-based Place Recognition6 Apr 2026
- 2026Riemannian and Symplectic Geometry for Hierarchical Text-Driven Place Recognition2 Apr 2026
- 2026BEV-SLD: Self-Supervised Scene Landmark Detection for Global Localization with LiDAR Bird's-Eye View Images17 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Voronoi-based Second-order Descriptor with Whitened Metric in LiDAR Place Recognition16 Mar 2026
- 2026PROBE: Probabilistic Occupancy BEV Encoding with Analytical Translation Robustness for 3D Place Recognition6 Mar 2026
- 2026SOAR: Regression-based LiDAR Relocalization for UAVs4 Feb 2026
- 2026From Single Scan to Sequential Consistency: A New Paradigm for LIDAR Relocalization3 Feb 2026
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Survey29 Jan 2026
- 2026Low Cost, High Efficiency: LiDAR Place Recognition in Vineyards with Matryoshka Representation Learning26 Jan 2026
- 2026WHU-PCPR: A cross-platform heterogeneous point cloud dataset for place recognition in complex urban scenes10 Jan 2026
- 2026SpatiaLoc: Leveraging Multi-Level Spatial Enhanced Descriptors for Cross-Modal Localization7 Jan 2026
- 2025Geometric Multi-Session Map Merging with Learned Local Descriptors30 Dec 2025
- 2025Learning from Mistakes: Loss-Aware Memory Enhanced Continual Learning for LiDAR Place Recognition19 Nov 2025
- 2025Text2Loc++: Generalizing 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Language19 Nov 2025
- 2025HOTFLoc++: End-to-End Hierarchical LiDAR Place Recognition, Re-Ranking, and 6-DoF Metric Localisation in Forests12 Nov 2025
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environments7 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards classification-based representation learning for place recognition on LiDAR scans1 Nov 2025
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVs30 Jul 2025
- 2025LifelongPR: Lifelong point cloud place recognition based on sample replay and prompt learning14 Jul 2025
- 2025PRISM-Loc: a Lightweight Long-range LiDAR Localization in Urban Environments with Topological Maps18 Jun 2025
- 2025MinkUNeXt-SI: Improving point cloud-based place recognition including spherical coordinates and LiDAR intensity23 May 2025
- 2025Ranking-aware Continual Learning for LiDAR Place Recognition12 May 2025
- 2025Diffusion Based Robust LiDAR Place Recognition16 Apr 2025
- 2025Vehicle-Scene Interaction: A Text-Driven 3D Lidar Place Recognition Method for Autonomous Driving23 Mar 2025
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speed22 Mar 2025
- 2025L2RSI: Cross-view LiDAR-based Place Recognition for Large-scale Urban Scenes via Remote Sensing Imagery14 Mar 2025
- 2025HOTFormerLoc: Hierarchical Octree Transformer for Versatile Lidar Place Recognition Across Ground and Aerial Views11 Mar 2025
- 2025ForestLPR: LiDAR Place Recognition in Forests Attentioning Multiple BEV Density Images6 Mar 2025
- 2025CMMLoc: Advancing Text-to-PointCloud Localization with Cauchy-Mixture-Model Based Framework4 Mar 2025
- 2025Fast 3D point clouds retrieval for Large-scale 3D Place Recognition28 Feb 2025
- 2025LiDAR Loop Closure Detection using Semantic Graphs with Graph Attention Networks31 Jan 2025
- 2025RW-Net: Enhancing Few-Shot Point Cloud Classification with a Wavelet Transform Projection-based Network6 Jan 2025
- 2024Reliable-loc: Robust sequential LiDAR global localization in large-scale street scenes based on verifiable cues9 Nov 2024
- 2024Reliable Semantic Understanding for Real World Zero-shot Object Goal Navigation29 Oct 2024
- 2024SPVSoAP3D: A Second-order Average Pooling Approach to enhance 3D Place Recognition in Horticultural Environments22 Oct 2024
- 2024NavTopo: Leveraging Topological Maps For Autonomous Navigation Of a Mobile Robot15 Oct 2024
- 2024PRFusion: Toward Effective and Robust Multi-Modal Place Recognition with Image and Point Cloud Fusion7 Oct 2024
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving1 Oct 2024
- 2024A Deeper Look into Second-Order Feature Aggregation for LiDAR Place Recognition24 Sep 2024
- 2024SOLVR: Submap Oriented LiDAR-Visual Re-Localisation16 Sep 2024
- 2024RING#: PR-by-PE Global Localization with Roto-translation Equivariant Gram Learning30 Aug 2024
50 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2021LoGG3D-Net: Locally Guided Global Descriptor Learning for 3D Place Recognitioncited by 51
- 2022Improving Point Cloud Based Place Recognition with Ranking-based Loss and Large Batch Trainingcited by 44
- 2021MinkLoc++: Lidar and Monocular Image Fusion for Place Recognitioncited by 41
- 2023BEVPlace: Learning LiDAR-based Place Recognition using Bird's Eye View Imagescited by 39
- 2021SVT-Net: Super Light-Weight Sparse Voxel Transformer for Large Scale Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2021AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2023Text2Loc: 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Languagecited by 35
- 2021TransLoc3D : Point Cloud based Large-scale Place Recognition using Adaptive Receptive Fieldscited by 29
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2021EgoNN: Egocentric Neural Network for Point Cloud Based 6DoF Relocalization at the City Scalecited by 25
- 2021SSC: Semantic Scan Context for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 24
12 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Temporal-Aware Fusion for Robust Outdoor LiDAR Localization29 Sep 2026
- 2026PosEviLoc: Position-Conditioned Spatial Evidence for Language-Based 3D Localization20 Sep 2026
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026LightLoc++: Sensor-Robust Representation Learning for Efficient Outdoor LiDAR Localization15 Aug 2026
- 2026UQ-Loc: Uncertainty-Aware LiDAR Scene Coordinate Regression6 Aug 2026
- 2026DTIF: Robust Loop Closure Detection via Delaunay Triangle Topology in Complex Forests23 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning 1-Bit LiDAR-based Localization with Auxiliary Objective26 Jun 2026
- 2026Aerial-ground LiDAR place recognition with patch-level self-supervised learning and expanded reciprocal re-ranking17 Jun 2026
- 2026LEADER: Learning Reliable Local-to-Global Correspondences for LiDAR Relocalization13 Apr 2026
- 2026MPTF-Net: Multi-view Pyramid Transformer Fusion Network for LiDAR-based Place Recognition6 Apr 2026
- 2026Riemannian and Symplectic Geometry for Hierarchical Text-Driven Place Recognition2 Apr 2026
- 2026BEV-SLD: Self-Supervised Scene Landmark Detection for Global Localization with LiDAR Bird's-Eye View Images17 Mar 2026
12 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)