MinkLoc++: Lidar and Monocular Image Fusion for Place Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a discriminative multimodal descriptor based on a pair of sensor readings: a point cloud from a LiDAR and an image from an RGB camera. Our descriptor, named MinkLoc++, can be used for place recognition, re-localization and loop closure purposes in robotics or autonomous vehicles applications. We use late fusion approach, where each modality is processed separately and fused in the final part of the processing pipeline. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on standard place recognition benchmarks. We also identify dominating modality problem when training a multimodal descriptor. The problem manifests itself when the network focuses on a modality with a larger overfit to the training data. This drives the loss down during the training but leads to suboptimal performance on the evaluation set. In this work we describe how to detect and mitigate such risk when using a deep metric learning approach to train a multimodal neural network. Our code is publicly available on the project website: https://github.com/jac99/MinkLocMultimodal.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2021.
Builds on
27 of 42 references.
References · 27
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- 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2017Random Erasing Data Augmentationcited by 1,235
- 20194D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1,201
- 2015NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognitioncited by 935
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15 more
- 2018PointNetVLAD: Deep Point Cloud Based Retrieval for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 197
- 2019Learning with Average Precision: Training Image Retrieval with a Listwise Losscited by 184
- 2015Particular object retrieval with integral max-pooling of CNN activationscited by 160
- 2020MinkLoc3D: Point Cloud Based Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 114
- 2019PCAN: 3D Attention Map Learning Using Contextual Information for Point Cloud Based Retrievalcited by 68
- 2020SOE-Net: A Self-Attention and Orientation Encoding Network for Point Cloud based Place Recognitioncited by 66
- 2015Aggregating Deep Convolutional Features for Image Retrievalcited by 63
- 2017Learnable pooling with Context Gating for video classificationcited by 58
- 2016SegMatch: Segment based loop-closure for 3D point cloudscited by 48
- 2020DH3D: Deep Hierarchical 3D Descriptors for Robust Large-Scale 6DoF Relocalizationcited by 42
- 2020Augmenting Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cuescited by 23
- 2021Efficient 3D Point Cloud Feature Learning for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 21
- 2020CORAL: Colored structural representation for bi-modal place recognitioncited by 18
- 2020PIC-Net: Point Cloud and Image Collaboration Network for Large-Scale Place Recognitioncited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 6; 2024: 11; 2025: 12; 2026: 7.
41 papers.
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- 2021AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2021TransLoc3D : Point Cloud based Large-scale Place Recognition using Adaptive Receptive Fieldscited by 29
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 17
- 2021MinkLoc3D-SI: 3D LiDAR place recognition with sparse convolutions, spherical coordinates, and intensitycited by 12
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2025CMMLoc: Advancing Text-to-PointCloud Localization with Cauchy-Mixture-Model Based Frameworkcited by 8
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environmentscited by 7
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semanticscited by 7
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
29 more
- 2024MinkUNeXt: Point Cloud-based Large-scale Place Recognition using 3D Sparse Convolutionscited by 6
- 2023Leveraging BEV Representation for 360-degree Visual Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Explicit Interaction for Fusion-Based Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024VXP: Voxel-Cross-Pixel Large-scale Image-LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025Ensemble-Based Event Camera Place Recognition Under Varying Illuminationcited by 4
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environmentscited by 4
- 2021Large-Scale Topological Radar Localization Using Learned Descriptorscited by 3
- 2024BEV2PR: BEV-Enhanced Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cuescited by 3
- 2025LRFusionPR: A Polar BEV-Based LiDAR-Radar Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023FusionLoc: Camera-2D LiDAR Fusion Using Multi-Head Self-Attention for End-to-End Serving Robot Relocalizationcited by 2
- 2024PRISM-TopoMap: Online Topological Mapping with Place Recognition and Scan Matchingcited by 2
- 2024PRFusion: Toward Effective and Robust Multi-Modal Place Recognition with Image and Point Cloud Fusioncited by 2
- 2025REGRACE: A Robust and Efficient Graph-based Re-localization Algorithm using Consistency Evaluationcited by 2
- 2025L2RSI: Cross-view LiDAR-based Place Recognition for Large-scale Urban Scenes via Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 2
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environmentscited by 2
- 2025UniMPR: A Unified Framework for Multimodal Place Recognition with Heterogeneous Sensor Configurationscited by 2
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023VNI-Net: Vector Neurons-based Rotation-Invariant Descriptor for LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 1
- 2023Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Latent Contact for Place Recognition in Challenging Cross-Scenescited by 1
- 2025MinkUNeXt-SI: Improving point cloud-based place recognition including spherical coordinates and LiDAR intensitycited by 1
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environmentscited by 1
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 1
- 2024An evaluation of CNN models and data augmentation techniques in hierarchical localization of mobile robotscited by 0
- 2025PRISM-Loc: a Lightweight Long-range LiDAR Localization in Urban Environments with Topological Mapscited by 0
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environmentscited by 0
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Heterogeneous LiDAR Early Fusion and Learned Re-Ranking Strategy for Robust Long-Term Place Recognition in Unstructured Environmentscited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forestscited by 0
- 2026Geometry-Conditioned Visual Place Recognition in Natural Environmentscited by 0
- 2026Geometry-Conditioned Visual Place Recognition in Natural Environments23 Sep 2026
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026Heterogeneous LiDAR Early Fusion and Learned Re-Ranking Strategy for Robust Long-Term Place Recognition in Unstructured Environments11 Jun 2026
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognition10 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environments23 Feb 2026
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognition3 Feb 2026
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Survey29 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environments21 Dec 2025
- 2025UniMPR: A Unified Framework for Multimodal Place Recognition with Heterogeneous Sensor Configurations20 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environments7 Nov 2025
- 2025Ensemble-Based Event Camera Place Recognition Under Varying Illumination2 Sep 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
29 more
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVs30 Jul 2025
- 2025PRISM-Loc: a Lightweight Long-range LiDAR Localization in Urban Environments with Topological Maps18 Jun 2025
- 2025MinkUNeXt-SI: Improving point cloud-based place recognition including spherical coordinates and LiDAR intensity23 May 2025
- 2025LRFusionPR: A Polar BEV-Based LiDAR-Radar Fusion Network for Place Recognition27 Apr 2025
- 2025L2RSI: Cross-view LiDAR-based Place Recognition for Large-scale Urban Scenes via Remote Sensing Imagery14 Mar 2025
- 2025REGRACE: A Robust and Efficient Graph-based Re-localization Algorithm using Consistency Evaluation5 Mar 2025
- 2025CMMLoc: Advancing Text-to-PointCloud Localization with Cauchy-Mixture-Model Based Framework4 Mar 2025
- 2024PRFusion: Toward Effective and Robust Multi-Modal Place Recognition with Image and Point Cloud Fusion7 Oct 2024
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving1 Oct 2024
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semantics22 Jul 2024
- 2024An evaluation of CNN models and data augmentation techniques in hierarchical localization of mobile robots15 Jul 2024
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomy8 May 2024
- 2024PRISM-TopoMap: Online Topological Mapping with Place Recognition and Scan Matching2 Apr 2024
- 2024VXP: Voxel-Cross-Pixel Large-scale Image-LiDAR Place Recognition21 Mar 2024
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environments20 Mar 2024
- 2024MinkUNeXt: Point Cloud-based Large-scale Place Recognition using 3D Sparse Convolutions12 Mar 2024
- 2024BEV2PR: BEV-Enhanced Visual Place Recognition with Structural Cues11 Mar 2024
- 2024Explicit Interaction for Fusion-Based Place Recognition27 Feb 2024
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognition17 Dec 2023
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognition6 Nov 2023
- 2023Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Latent Contact for Place Recognition in Challenging Cross-Scenes16 Oct 2023
- 2023VNI-Net: Vector Neurons-based Rotation-Invariant Descriptor for LiDAR Place Recognition24 Aug 2023
- 2023Leveraging BEV Representation for 360-degree Visual Place Recognition23 May 2023
- 2023FusionLoc: Camera-2D LiDAR Fusion Using Multi-Head Self-Attention for End-to-End Serving Robot Relocalization13 Mar 2023
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Map12 Oct 2022
- 2021MinkLoc3D-SI: 3D LiDAR place recognition with sparse convolutions, spherical coordinates, and intensity13 Dec 2021
- 2021AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognition23 Nov 2021
- 2021Large-Scale Topological Radar Localization Using Learned Descriptors6 Oct 2021
- 2021TransLoc3D : Point Cloud based Large-scale Place Recognition using Adaptive Receptive Fields25 May 2021
- 2021AdaFusion: Visual-LiDAR Fusion with Adaptive Weights for Place Recognitioncited by 36
- 2021TransLoc3D : Point Cloud based Large-scale Place Recognition using Adaptive Receptive Fieldscited by 29
- 2022RING++: Roto-translation Invariant Gram for Global Localization on a Sparse Scan Mapcited by 29
- 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2023LCPR: A Multi-Scale Attention-Based LiDAR-Camera Fusion Network for Place Recognitioncited by 17
- 2021MinkLoc3D-SI: 3D LiDAR place recognition with sparse convolutions, spherical coordinates, and intensitycited by 12
- 2023DistilVPR: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Visual Place Recognitioncited by 8
- 2025CMMLoc: Advancing Text-to-PointCloud Localization with Cauchy-Mixture-Model Based Frameworkcited by 8
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environmentscited by 7
- 2024MSSPlace: Multi-Sensor Place Recognition with Visual and Text Semanticscited by 7
- 2024GSPR: Multimodal Place Recognition Using 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026Geometry-Conditioned Visual Place Recognition in Natural Environments23 Sep 2026
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026Heterogeneous LiDAR Early Fusion and Learned Re-Ranking Strategy for Robust Long-Term Place Recognition in Unstructured Environments11 Jun 2026
- 2026MAG-VLAQ: Multi-modal Aerial-Ground Query Aggregation for Cross-View Place Recognition10 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-MPR: VGGT-Enhanced Multimodal Place Recognition in Autonomous Driving Environments23 Feb 2026
- 2026LaVPR: Benchmarking Language and Vision for Place Recognition3 Feb 2026
- 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Survey29 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Graph VPR: A Text-to-Graph Expert System for Explainable Place Recognition in Changing Environments21 Dec 2025
- 2025UniMPR: A Unified Framework for Multimodal Place Recognition with Heterogeneous Sensor Configurations20 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-modal Loop Closure Detection with Foundation Models in Severely Unstructured Environments7 Nov 2025
- 2025Ensemble-Based Event Camera Place Recognition Under Varying Illumination2 Sep 2025
- 2025M3DMap: Object-aware Multimodal 3D Mapping for Dynamic Environments23 Aug 2025
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)