A Broader Picture of Random-walk Based Graph Embedding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Graph embedding based on random-walks supports effective solutions for many graph-related downstream tasks. However, the abundance of embedding literature has made it increasingly difficult to compare existing methods and to identify opportunities to advance the state-of-the-art. Meanwhile, existing work has left several fundamental questions -- such as how embeddings capture different structural scales and how they should be applied for effective link prediction -- unanswered. This paper addresses these challenges with an analytical framework for random-walk based graph embedding that consists of three components: a random-walk process, a similarity function, and an embedding algorithm. Our framework not only categorizes many existing approaches but naturally motivates new ones. With it, we illustrate novel ways to incorporate embeddings at multiple scales to improve downstream task performance. We also show that embeddings based on autocovariance similarity, when paired with dot product ranking for link prediction, outperform state-of-the-art methods based on Pointwise Mutual Information similarity by up to 100%.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2021.
Builds on
23 of 70 references.
References · 23
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- 2016node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networkscited by 1,918
- 2014DeepWalk: Online Learning of Social Representationscited by 1,547
- 2017Poincar'e Embeddings for Learning Hierarchical Representationscited by 684
- 2015LINE: Large-scale Information Network Embeddingcited by 582
- 2017Representation Learning on Graphs: Methods and Applicationscited by 457
- 2017A Comprehensive Survey of Graph Embedding: Problems, Techniques and Applicationscited by 260
- 2017Network Embedding as Matrix Factorization: Unifying DeepWalk, LINE, PTE, and node2veccited by 198
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- 2017A Survey on Network Embeddingcited by 142
- 2017Learning Structural Node Embeddings Via Diffusion Waveletscited by 97
11 more
- 2017HARP: Hierarchical Representation Learning for Networkscited by 58
- 2018VERSE: Versatile Graph Embeddings from Similarity Measurescited by 54
- 2019NetSMF: Large-Scale Network Embedding as Sparse Matrix Factorizationcited by 48
- 2020The impossibility of low rank representations for triangle-rich complex networkscited by 32
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- 2020InfiniteWalk: Deep Network Embeddings as Laplacian Embeddings with a Nonlinearitycited by 19
- 2018Node Representation Learning for Directed Graphscited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
16 papers.
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- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022Global Counterfactual Explainer for Graph Neural Networkscited by 30
- 2021QGTC: Accelerating Quantized Graph Neural Networks via GPU Tensor Corecited by 18
- 2021TC-GNN: Bridging Sparse GNN Computation and Dense Tensor Cores on GPUscited by 17
- 2024Subgraph Pooling: Tackling Negative Transfer on Graphscited by 17
- 2021Learning Bi-typed Multi-relational Heterogeneous Graph via Dual Hierarchical Attention Networkscited by 4
- 2024GraphScale: A Framework to Enable Machine Learning over Billion-node Graphscited by 4
- 2023Link Prediction without Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2022Multiple Similarity Drug-Target Interaction Prediction with Random Walks and Matrix Factorizationcited by 1
- 2024Disentangled and Self-Explainable Node Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2024Attribute-Enhanced Similarity Ranking for Sparse Link Predictioncited by 1
- 2024GLADformer: A Mixed Perspective for Graph-level Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
4 more
- 2024Normalized Space Alignment: A Versatile Metric for Representation Analysiscited by 0
- 2025Learning Graph Node Embeddings by Smooth Pair Samplingcited by 0
- 2026Embedding Learning on Multiplex Networks for Link Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Mochi: Aligning Pre-training and Inference for Efficient Graph Foundation Models via Meta-Learningcited by 0
- 2026Mochi: Aligning Pre-training and Inference for Efficient Graph Foundation Models via Meta-Learning23 Apr 2026
- 2026Embedding Learning on Multiplex Networks for Link Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning Graph Node Embeddings by Smooth Pair Sampling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Attribute-Enhanced Similarity Ranking for Sparse Link Prediction29 Nov 2024
- 2024Normalized Space Alignment: A Versatile Metric for Representation Analysis7 Nov 2024
- 2024Disentangled and Self-Explainable Node Representation Learning28 Oct 2024
- 2024GraphScale: A Framework to Enable Machine Learning over Billion-node Graphs22 Jul 2024
- 2024GLADformer: A Mixed Perspective for Graph-level Anomaly Detection2 Jun 2024
- 2024Subgraph Pooling: Tackling Negative Transfer on Graphs14 Feb 2024
- 2023Link Prediction without Graph Neural Networks23 May 2023
- 2022Global Counterfactual Explainer for Graph Neural Networks21 Oct 2022
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methods4 Apr 2022
4 more
- 2022Multiple Similarity Drug-Target Interaction Prediction with Random Walks and Matrix Factorization24 Jan 2022
- 2021Learning Bi-typed Multi-relational Heterogeneous Graph via Dual Hierarchical Attention Networks24 Dec 2021
- 2021TC-GNN: Bridging Sparse GNN Computation and Dense Tensor Cores on GPUs3 Dec 2021
- 2021QGTC: Accelerating Quantized Graph Neural Networks via GPU Tensor Core18 Nov 2021
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022Global Counterfactual Explainer for Graph Neural Networkscited by 30
- 2021QGTC: Accelerating Quantized Graph Neural Networks via GPU Tensor Corecited by 18
- 2021TC-GNN: Bridging Sparse GNN Computation and Dense Tensor Cores on GPUscited by 17
- 2024Subgraph Pooling: Tackling Negative Transfer on Graphscited by 17
- 2021Learning Bi-typed Multi-relational Heterogeneous Graph via Dual Hierarchical Attention Networkscited by 4
- 2024GraphScale: A Framework to Enable Machine Learning over Billion-node Graphscited by 4
- 2023Link Prediction without Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2022Multiple Similarity Drug-Target Interaction Prediction with Random Walks and Matrix Factorizationcited by 1
- 2024Disentangled and Self-Explainable Node Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2024Attribute-Enhanced Similarity Ranking for Sparse Link Predictioncited by 1
- 2024GLADformer: A Mixed Perspective for Graph-level Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Mochi: Aligning Pre-training and Inference for Efficient Graph Foundation Models via Meta-Learning23 Apr 2026
- 2026Embedding Learning on Multiplex Networks for Link Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning Graph Node Embeddings by Smooth Pair Sampling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Attribute-Enhanced Similarity Ranking for Sparse Link Prediction29 Nov 2024
- 2024Normalized Space Alignment: A Versatile Metric for Representation Analysis7 Nov 2024
- 2024Disentangled and Self-Explainable Node Representation Learning28 Oct 2024
- 2024GraphScale: A Framework to Enable Machine Learning over Billion-node Graphs22 Jul 2024
- 2024GLADformer: A Mixed Perspective for Graph-level Anomaly Detection2 Jun 2024
- 2024Subgraph Pooling: Tackling Negative Transfer on Graphs14 Feb 2024
- 2023Link Prediction without Graph Neural Networks23 May 2023
- 2022Global Counterfactual Explainer for Graph Neural Networks21 Oct 2022
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methods4 Apr 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)