HARP: Hierarchical Representation Learning for Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present HARP, a novel method for learning low dimensional embeddings of a graph's nodes which preserves higher-order structural features. Our proposed method achieves this by compressing the input graph prior to embedding it, effectively avoiding troublesome embedding configurations (i.e. local minima) which can pose problems to non-convex optimization. HARP works by finding a smaller graph which approximates the global structure of its input. This simplified graph is used to learn a set of initial representations, which serve as good initializations for learning representations in the original, detailed graph. We inductively extend this idea, by decomposing a graph in a series of levels, and then embed the hierarchy of graphs from the coarsest one to the original graph. HARP is a general meta-strategy to improve all of the state-of-the-art neural algorithms for embedding graphs, including DeepWalk, LINE, and Node2vec. Indeed, we demonstrate that applying HARP's hierarchical paradigm yields improved implementations for all three of these methods, as evaluated on both classification tasks on real-world graphs such as DBLP, BlogCatalog, CiteSeer, and Arxiv, where we achieve a performance gain over the original implementations by up to 14% Macro F1.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Jun 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 14; 2023: 10; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
58 papers.
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- 2021Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 79
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learningcited by 72
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Reduction: Sparsification, Coarsening, and Condensationcited by 57
- 2022Fair Node Representation Learning via Adaptive Data Augmentationcited by 27
- 2021Graph coarsening: From scientific computing to machine learningcited by 21
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embeddingcited by 19
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2021A Broader Picture of Random-walk Based Graph Embeddingcited by 16
- 2023A Gromov--Wasserstein Geometric View of Spectrum-Preserving Graph Coarseningcited by 15
- 2021Fairness-Aware Node Representation Learningcited by 14
- 2022Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Supervised Dynamic Graph Learning: A Surveycited by 14
38 more
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- 2022Data Augmentation on Graphs: A Technical Surveycited by 10
- 2021Discourse-level Relation Extraction via Graph Poolingcited by 9
- 2021REFINE: Random RangE FInder for Network Embeddingcited by 9
- 2022A Hierarchical Block Distance Model for Ultra Low-Dimensional Graph Representationscited by 9
- 2022FedWalk: Communication Efficient Federated Unsupervised Node Embedding with Differential Privacycited by 9
- 2021Cleora: A Simple, Strong and Scalable Graph Embedding Schemecited by 8
- 2021Semi-supervised Network Embedding with Differentiable Deep Quantisationcited by 7
- 2022Multi-Horizon Representations with Hierarchical Forward Models for Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2025Recent Advances in Malware Detection: Graph Learning and Explainabilitycited by 7
- 2021Calibrating and Improving Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 6
- 2021Diversified Multiscale Graph Learning with Graph Self-Correctioncited by 6
- 2021JITuNE: Just-In-Time Hyperparameter Tuning for Network Embedding Algorithmscited by 4
- 2021Graph Embedding with Hierarchical Attentive Membershipcited by 4
- 2022FairMILE: Towards an Efficient Framework for Fair Graph Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2025Unsupervised Graph Clustering with Deep Structural Entropycited by 4
- 2021Multiple Kernel Representation Learning on Networkscited by 3
- 2023Schema First! Learn Versatile Knowledge Graph Embeddings by Capturing Semantics with MASCHInEcited by 3
- 2021AI perspectives in Smart Cities and Communities to enable road vehicle automation and smart traffic controlcited by 2
- 2021A Comprehensive Analytical Survey on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 2
- 2022Spectral Maps for Learning on Subgraphscited by 2
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embeddingcited by 2
- 2023Persistent Laplacian-enhanced Algorithm for Scarcely Labeled Data Classificationcited by 2
- 2023StructComp: Substituting Propagation with Structural Compression in Training Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 2
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphscited by 2
- 2024Scalable Graph Compressed Convolutionscited by 2
- 2021Delving Into Deep Walkers: A Convergence Analysis of Random-Walk-Based Vertex Embeddingscited by 1
- 2022SMGRL: Scalable Multi-resolution Graph Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2022A Representation Learning Framework for Property Graphscited by 1
- 2023NODDLE: Node2vec based deep learning model for link predictioncited by 1
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUscited by 1
- 2021Scalable Hypergraph Embedding Systemcited by 0
- 2021Multi-Scale Feature and Metric Learning for Relation Extractioncited by 0
- 2021DGEM: A New Dual-modal Graph Embedding Method in Recommendation Systemcited by 0
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPUcited by 0
- 2021Topic-aware latent models for representation learning on networkscited by 0
- 2021Transformation of Node to Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Faster Link Prediction in Social Networkscited by 0
- 2021WalkingTime: Dynamic Graph Embedding Using Temporal-Topological Flowscited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Link prediction on multi-relational graphs from an influence propagation perspective5 Aug 2026
- 2025Towards the Next-generation Bayesian Network Classifiers15 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Graph Clustering with Deep Structural Entropy20 May 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Malware Detection: Graph Learning and Explainability14 Feb 2025
- 2024Graph Sparsification for Enhanced Conformal Prediction in Graph Neural Networks28 Oct 2024
- 2024Scalable Graph Compressed Convolutions26 Jul 2024
- 2024GuideWalk: A Novel Graph-Based Word Embedding for Enhanced Text Classification25 Apr 2024
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphs31 Mar 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Reduction: Sparsification, Coarsening, and Condensation29 Jan 2024
- 2023StructComp: Substituting Propagation with Structural Compression in Training Graph Contrastive Learning8 Dec 2023
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUs26 Jul 2023
- 2023A Gromov--Wasserstein Geometric View of Spectrum-Preserving Graph Coarsening15 Jun 2023
38 more
- 2023Schema First! Learn Versatile Knowledge Graph Embeddings by Capturing Semantics with MASCHInE6 Jun 2023
- 2023NODDLE: Node2vec based deep learning model for link prediction25 May 2023
- 2023Persistent Laplacian-enhanced Algorithm for Scarcely Labeled Data Classification25 May 2023
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embedding5 May 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learning11 Apr 2023
- 2023FairGAT: Fairness-aware Graph Attention Networks26 Mar 2023
- 2023Community detection in complex networks via node similarity, graph representation learning, and hierarchical clustering21 Mar 2023
- 2022Data Augmentation on Graphs: A Technical Survey20 Dec 2022
- 2022FairMILE: Towards an Efficient Framework for Fair Graph Representation Learning17 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning node embeddings via summary graphs: a brief theoretical analysis4 Jul 2022
- 2022A Representation Learning Framework for Property Graphs27 Jun 2022
- 2022Multi-Horizon Representations with Hierarchical Forward Models for Reinforcement Learning22 Jun 2022
- 2022FedWalk: Communication Efficient Federated Unsupervised Node Embedding with Differential Privacy31 May 2022
- 2022Spectral Maps for Learning on Subgraphs30 May 2022
- 2022A Hierarchical Block Distance Model for Ultra Low-Dimensional Graph Representations12 Apr 2022
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methods4 Apr 2022
- 2022An unsupervised cluster-level based method for learning node representations of heterogeneous graphs in scientific papers31 Mar 2022
- 2022Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Supervised Dynamic Graph Learning: A Survey20 Mar 2022
- 2022SMGRL: Scalable Multi-resolution Graph Representation Learning29 Jan 2022
- 2022Joint Learning of Hierarchical Community Structure and Node Representations: An Unsupervised Approach22 Jan 2022
- 2022Fair Node Representation Learning via Adaptive Data Augmentation21 Jan 2022
- 2021A Comprehensive Analytical Survey on Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Graph Representation Learning Methods20 Dec 2021
- 2021WalkingTime: Dynamic Graph Embedding Using Temporal-Topological Flows22 Nov 2021
- 2021Transformation of Node to Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Faster Link Prediction in Social Networks17 Nov 2021
- 2021Topic-aware latent models for representation learning on networks10 Nov 2021
- 2021Graph Embedding with Hierarchical Attentive Membership31 Oct 2021
- 2021A Broader Picture of Random-walk Based Graph Embedding24 Oct 2021
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPU19 Oct 2021
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embedding14 Oct 2021
- 2021REFINE: Random RangE FInder for Network Embedding24 Aug 2021
- 2021Semi-supervised Network Embedding with Differentiable Deep Quantisation20 Aug 2021
- 2021DGEM: A New Dual-modal Graph Embedding Method in Recommendation System9 Aug 2021
- 2021Multi-Scale Feature and Metric Learning for Relation Extraction28 Jul 2021
- 2021Delving Into Deep Walkers: A Convergence Analysis of Random-Walk-Based Vertex Embeddings21 Jul 2021
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clustering3 Jul 2021
- 2021Graph coarsening: From scientific computing to machine learning22 Jun 2021
- 2021Fairness-Aware Node Representation Learning9 Jun 2021
- 2021Multiple Kernel Representation Learning on Networks9 Jun 2021
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2021Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 79
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learningcited by 72
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Reduction: Sparsification, Coarsening, and Condensationcited by 57
- 2022Fair Node Representation Learning via Adaptive Data Augmentationcited by 27
- 2021Graph coarsening: From scientific computing to machine learningcited by 21
- 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embeddingcited by 19
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2021A Broader Picture of Random-walk Based Graph Embeddingcited by 16
- 2023A Gromov--Wasserstein Geometric View of Spectrum-Preserving Graph Coarseningcited by 15
- 2021Fairness-Aware Node Representation Learningcited by 14
- 2022Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Supervised Dynamic Graph Learning: A Surveycited by 14
12 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Link prediction on multi-relational graphs from an influence propagation perspective5 Aug 2026
- 2025Towards the Next-generation Bayesian Network Classifiers15 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Graph Clustering with Deep Structural Entropy20 May 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Malware Detection: Graph Learning and Explainability14 Feb 2025
- 2024Graph Sparsification for Enhanced Conformal Prediction in Graph Neural Networks28 Oct 2024
- 2024Scalable Graph Compressed Convolutions26 Jul 2024
- 2024GuideWalk: A Novel Graph-Based Word Embedding for Enhanced Text Classification25 Apr 2024
- 2024HeteroMILE: a Multi-Level Graph Representation Learning Framework for Heterogeneous Graphs31 Mar 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Reduction: Sparsification, Coarsening, and Condensation29 Jan 2024
- 2023StructComp: Substituting Propagation with Structural Compression in Training Graph Contrastive Learning8 Dec 2023
- 2023HUGE: Huge Unsupervised Graph Embeddings with TPUs26 Jul 2023
- 2023A Gromov--Wasserstein Geometric View of Spectrum-Preserving Graph Coarsening15 Jun 2023
12 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)