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The Dawn of Quantum Natural Language Processing

arXiv 2110.06510 ↗First posted 13 Oct 2021cs.CL cs.AI cs.CVcited by 61

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we discuss the initial attempts at boosting understanding human language based on deep-learning models with quantum computing. We successfully train a quantum-enhanced Long Short-Term Memory network to perform the parts-of-speech tagging task via numerical simulations. Moreover, a quantum-enhanced Transformer is proposed to perform the sentiment analysis based on the existing dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2021.

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43 of 77 references.

References · 43

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  3. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
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  9. 2020Variational Quantum Algorithmscited by 692
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  12. 2019Graph Transformer Networkscited by 523
31 more
  1. 2018Universal Sentence Encodercited by 489
  2. 2020Power of data in quantum machine learningcited by 338
  3. 2019Learning a Neural Solver for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 198
  4. 2020X-Linear Attention Networks for Image Captioningcited by 198
  5. 2019Variational Quantum Circuits for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 167
  6. 2020Temporal Pyramid Network for Action Recognitioncited by 163
  7. 2020Contextual Residual Aggregation for Ultra High-Resolution Image Inpaintingcited by 124
  8. 2020Quantum Long Short-Term Memorycited by 120
  9. 2020Recurrent Feature Reasoning for Image Inpaintingcited by 107
  10. 2021Voice2Series: Reprogramming Acoustic Models for Time Series Classificationcited by 91
  11. 2019Graph Transformer for Graph-to-Sequence Learningcited by 82
  12. 2020Recurrent Quantum Neural Networkscited by 80
  13. 2021QNLP in Practice: Running Compositional Models of Meaning on a Quantum Computercited by 67
  14. 2020Learning Meta Face Recognition in Unseen Domainscited by 61
  15. 2020Decentralizing Feature Extraction with Quantum Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 57
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  19. 2021GPT2MVS: Generative Pre-trained Transformer-2 for Multi-modal Video Summarizationcited by 26
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  23. 2017VQABQ: Visual Question Answering by Basic Questionscited by 17
  24. 2017Robustness Analysis of Visual QA Models by Basic Questionscited by 17
  25. 2019Assessing the Robustness of Visual Question Answering Modelscited by 17
  26. 2018A Novel Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Auto-Classification of Retinal Diseasescited by 16
  27. 2021Contextualized Keyword Representations for Multi-modal Retinal Image Captioningcited by 16
  28. 2021Longer Version for "Deep Context-Encoding Network for Retinal Image Captioning"cited by 16
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  31. 2021How to make qubits speakcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 17; 2024: 13; 2025: 17; 2026: 7.

61 papers.

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  1. 2022Quantum Vision Transformerscited by 48
  2. 2022Quantum Self-Attention Neural Networks for Text Classificationcited by 43
  3. 2022QSAN: A Near-term Achievable Quantum Self-Attention Networkcited by 25
  4. 2023Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks for Sequential Learningcited by 25
  5. 2022Quantum deep recurrent reinforcement learningcited by 24
  6. 2024Learning to Program Variational Quantum Circuits with Fast Weightscited by 24
  7. 2023Applying QNLP to sentiment analysis in financecited by 23
  8. 2023Can ChatGPT be used to generate scientific hypotheses?cited by 21
  9. 2023Asynchronous training of quantum reinforcement learningcited by 20
  10. 2023Federated Quantum Machine Learning with Differential Privacycited by 17
  11. 2023Federated Quantum Long Short-term Memory (FedQLSTM)cited by 15
  12. 2025Learning to Measure Quantum Neural Networkscited by 15
38 more
  1. 2022Reservoir Computing via Quantum Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 14
  2. 2023Efficient quantum recurrent reinforcement learning via quantum reservoir computingcited by 14
  3. 2024Differentiable Quantum Architecture Search in Asynchronous Quantum Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  4. 2024Quantum-Train-Based Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
  5. 2025Toward Large-Scale Distributed Quantum Long Short-Term Memory with Modular Quantum Computerscited by 14
  6. 2023Query-based Video Summarization with Pseudo Label Supervisioncited by 13
  7. 2024Quantum Machine Learning Architecture Search via Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
  8. 2024Quantum Kernel-Based Long Short-term Memorycited by 11
  9. 2024Consensus-based Distributed Quantum Kernel Learning for Speech Recognitioncited by 10
  10. 2024Quantum Advantage Actor-Critic for Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
  11. 2024Quantum Gradient Class Activation Map for Model Interpretabilitycited by 9
  12. 2024Evolutionary Optimization for Designing Variational Quantum Circuits with High Model Capacitycited by 9
  13. 2023Causalainer: Causal Explainer for Automatic Video Summarizationcited by 8
  14. 2023Quantum Federated Learning With Quantum Networkscited by 8
  15. 2024Quantum Vision Transformers for Quark-Gluon Classificationcited by 7
  16. 2024An Introduction to Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL)cited by 7
  17. 2025Adaptive Non-local Observable on Quantum Neural Networkscited by 7
  18. 2025Differentiable Quantum Architecture Search in Quantum-Enhanced Neural Network Parameter Generationcited by 7
  19. 2025Learning to Program Quantum Measurements for Machine Learningcited by 7
  20. 2023Conditional Modeling Based Automatic Video Summarizationcited by 6
  21. 2023A Comparison Between Invariant and Equivariant Classical and Quantum Graph Neural Networkscited by 6
  22. 2023QTrojan: A Circuit Backdoor Against Quantum Neural Networkscited by 5
  23. 2023Shot Optimization in Quantum Machine Learning Architectures to Accelerate Trainingcited by 5
  24. 2023Causal Video Summarizer for Video Explorationcited by 4
  25. 2025Quantum Long Short-term Memory with Differentiable Architecture Searchcited by 4
  26. 2025Quantum-Enhanced Natural Language Generation: A Multi-Model Framework with Hybrid Quantum-Classical Architecturescited by 4
  27. 2024Quantum Long Short-Term Memory for Drug Discoverycited by 3
  28. 2025Transfer Learning Analysis of Variational Quantum Circuitscited by 3
  29. 2025Introduction to Quantum Machine Learning and Quantum Architecture Searchcited by 3
  30. 2023Quantum deep Q learning with distributed prioritized experience replaycited by 2
  31. 2025Molecular Quantum Transformercited by 2
  32. 2025Breaking Through Barren Plateaus: Reinforcement Learning Initializations for Deep Variational Quantum Circuitscited by 2
  33. 2026Recursive QLSTM with Dynamic Variational Quantum Circuit Adaptationcited by 2
  34. 2026Self-Modulating Quantum Fast-Weight Programmers for Efficient Adaptive Sequential Learningcited by 2
  35. 2022Quantum Machine Learning for Material Synthesis and Hardware Securitycited by 1
  36. 2023A Survey of Classical And Quantum Sequence Modelscited by 1
  37. 2025VQC-MLPNet: An Unconventional Hybrid Quantum-Classical Architecture for Scalable and Robust Quantum Machine Learningcited by 1
  38. 2025Neural Architecture Search for Quantum Autoencoderscited by 1

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