mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

mRAT-SQL+GAP:A Portuguese Text-to-SQL Transformer

arXiv 2110.03546 ↗First posted 7 Oct 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 15

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Abstract (arXiv)

The translation of natural language questions to SQL queries has attracted growing attention, in particular in connection with transformers and similar language models. A large number of techniques are geared towards the English language; in this work, we thus investigated translation to SQL when input questions are given in the Portuguese language. To do so, we properly adapted state-of-the-art tools and resources. We changed the RAT-SQL+GAP system by relying on a multilingual BART model (we report tests with other language models), and we produced a translated version of the Spider dataset. Our experiments expose interesting phenomena that arise when non-English languages are targeted; in particular, it is better to train with original and translated training datasets together, even if a single target language is desired. This multilingual BART model fine-tuned with a double-size training dataset (English and Portuguese) achieved 83% of the baseline, making inferences for the Portuguese test dataset. This investigation can help other researchers to produce results in Machine Learning in a language different from English. Our multilingual ready version of RAT-SQL+GAP and the data are available, open-sourced as mRAT-SQL+GAP at: https://github.com/C4AI/gap-text2sql

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2021.

Builds on

21 of 57 references.

References · 21

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  3. 2018Spider: A Large-Scale Human-Labeled Dataset for Complex and Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing and Text-to-SQL Taskcited by 1,120
  4. 2017Seq2SQL: Generating Structured Queries from Natural Language using Reinforcement Learningcited by 679
  5. 2019RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parserscited by 420
  6. 2020Multilingual Translation with Extensible Multilingual Pretraining and Finetuningcited by 287
  7. 2019Towards Complex Text-to-SQL in Cross-Domain Database with Intermediate Representationcited by 210
  8. 2020GraPPa: Grammar-Augmented Pre-Training for Table Semantic Parsingcited by 171
  9. 2017SQLNet: Generating Structured Queries From Natural Language Without Reinforcement Learningcited by 135
  10. 2020Bridging Textual and Tabular Data for Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsingcited by 133
  11. 2020Semantic Evaluation for Text-to-SQL with Distilled Test Suitescited by 123
  12. 2021LGESQL: Line Graph Enhanced Text-to-SQL Model with Mixed Local and Non-Local Relationscited by 119
9 more
  1. 2017Learning a Neural Semantic Parser from User Feedbackcited by 98
  2. 2018TypeSQL: Knowledge-based Type-Aware Neural Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 81
  3. 2018SyntaxSQLNet: Syntax Tree Networks for Complex and Cross-DomainText-to-SQL Taskcited by 74
  4. 2020Learning Contextual Representations for Semantic Parsing with Generation-Augmented Pre-Trainingcited by 65
  5. 2020Optimizing Deeper Transformers on Small Datasetscited by 41
  6. 2019A Comparative Survey of Recent Natural Language Interfaces for Databasescited by 33
  7. 2020Hybrid Ranking Network for Text-to-SQLcited by 33
  8. 2020Duoquest: A Dual-Specification System for Expressive SQL Queriescited by 7
  9. 2018An End-to-end Neural Natural Language Interface for Databasescited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

15 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey of Text-to-SQL in the Era of LLMs: Where are we, and where are we going?cited by 54
  2. 2022Recent Advances in Text-to-SQL: A Survey of What We Have and What We Expectcited by 47
  3. 2023Natural Language Interfaces for Tabular Data Querying and Visualization: A Surveycited by 27
  4. 2022MultiSpider: Towards Benchmarking Multilingual Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsingcited by 22
  5. 2025Multilingual Text-to-SQL: Benchmarking the Limits of Language Models with Collaborative Language Agentscited by 7
  6. 2023A Multilingual Translator to SQL with Database Schema Pruning to Improve Self-Attentioncited by 3
  7. 2025Text2Cypher Across Languages: Evaluating and Finetuning LLMscited by 3
  8. 2022Integrating question answering and text-to-SQL in Portuguesecited by 2
  9. 2022The BLue Amazon Brain (BLAB): A Modular Architecture of Services about the Brazilian Maritime Territorycited by 0
  10. 2024AraSpider: Democratizing Arabic-to-SQLcited by 0
  11. 2025Text-to-SQL Oriented to the Process Mining Domain: A PT-EN Dataset for Query Translationcited by 0
  12. 2025GEMMA-SQL: A Novel Text-to-SQL Model Based on Large Language Modelscited by 0
3 more
  1. 2025Prompt Engineering Techniques for Context-dependent Text-to-SQL in Arabiccited by 0
  2. 2026Incremental Multilingual Text2Cypher with Adapter Combinationcited by 0
  3. 2026Language Models for Portuguese: A Systematic Mapping Studycited by 0