More Than Reading Comprehension: A Survey on Datasets and Metrics of Textual Question Answering
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Textual Question Answering (QA) aims to provide precise answers to user's questions in natural language using unstructured data. One of the most popular approaches to this goal is machine reading comprehension(MRC). In recent years, many novel datasets and evaluation metrics based on classical MRC tasks have been proposed for broader textual QA tasks. In this paper, we survey 47 recent textual QA benchmark datasets and propose a new taxonomy from an application point of view. In addition, We summarize 8 evaluation metrics of textual QA tasks. Finally, we discuss current trends in constructing textual QA benchmarks and suggest directions for future work.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 55 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Sep 2021.
Builds on
55 of 81 references.
References · 55
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
- 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
- 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,686
- 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,895
- 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,801
- 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,126
38 more
- 2018CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledgecited by 1,793
- 2016MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Datasetcited by 1,591
- 2018Know What You Don't Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuADcited by 1,538
- 2020Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Stepscited by 1,259
- 2020Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 1,203
- 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,196
- 2016ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledgecited by 1,065
- 2015Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehendcited by 1,039
- 2017RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinationscited by 851
- 2017Dense-Captioning Events in Videoscited by 789
- 2017Reading Wikipedia to Answer Open-Domain Questionscited by 777
- 2020How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?cited by 713
- 2019Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 691
- 2018CoQA: A Conversational Question Answering Challengecited by 674
- 2017The NarrativeQA Reading Comprehension Challengecited by 590
- 2019On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representationscited by 575
- 2020KILT: a Benchmark for Knowledge Intensive Language Taskscited by 571
- 2019ELI5: Long Form Question Answeringcited by 567
- 2018QuAC : Question Answering in Contextcited by 379
- 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 339
- 2018SWAG: A Large-Scale Adversarial Dataset for Grounded Commonsense Inferencecited by 333
- 2016NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Datasetcited by 330
- 2015MovieQA: Understanding Stories in Movies through Question-Answeringcited by 304
- 2019Cosmos QA: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 281
- 2020HybridQA: A Dataset of Multi-Hop Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Datacited by 263
- 2016Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documentscited by 223
- 2017SearchQA: A New Q&A Dataset Augmented with Context from a Search Enginecited by 221
- 2018ReCoRD: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Commonsense Reading Comprehensioncited by 198
- 2015A Dataset for Movie Descriptioncited by 195
- 2016Movie Descriptioncited by 180
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
- 2017DuReader: a Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset from Real-world Applicationscited by 110
- 2015The Goldilocks Principle: Reading Children's Books with Explicit Memory Representationscited by 108
- 2019Multi-passage BERT: A Globally Normalized BERT Model for Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 96
- 2018Interpretation of Natural Language Rules in Conversational Machine Readingcited by 72
- 2019Real-Time Open-Domain Question Answering with Dense-Sparse Phrase Indexcited by 64
- 2019TWEETQA: A Social Media Focused Question Answering Datasetcited by 55
- 2017Quasar: Datasets for Question Answering by Search and Readingcited by 50
50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
8 papers.
- 2024Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 506
- 2025MTRAG: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 50
- 2024ClimaQA: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Climate Question Answering Modelscited by 21
- 2022A Survey on Measuring and Mitigating Reasoning Shortcuts in Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 4
- 2023Chatbots as Problem Solvers: Playing Twenty Questions with Role Reversalscited by 3
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Multi-hop Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets and Metricscited by 1
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Multi-hop Machine Reading Comprehension Approachescited by 1
- 2024Towards Robust Evaluation: A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Datasets and Metrics for Open Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025MTRAG: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems7 Jan 2025
- 2024ClimaQA: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Climate Question Answering Models22 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Robust Evaluation: A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Datasets and Metrics for Open Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Models19 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models: A Survey9 Feb 2024
- 2023Chatbots as Problem Solvers: Playing Twenty Questions with Role Reversals1 Jan 2023
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Multi-hop Machine Reading Comprehension Approaches8 Dec 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Multi-hop Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets and Metrics8 Dec 2022
- 2022A Survey on Measuring and Mitigating Reasoning Shortcuts in Machine Reading Comprehension5 Sep 2022