mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Contrastive Learning for Fair Representations

arXiv 2109.10645 ↗First posted 22 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 34

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Trained classification models can unintentionally lead to biased representations and predictions, which can reinforce societal preconceptions and stereotypes. Existing debiasing methods for classification models, such as adversarial training, are often expensive to train and difficult to optimise. In this paper, we propose a method for mitigating bias in classifier training by incorporating contrastive learning, in which instances sharing the same class label are encouraged to have similar representations, while instances sharing a protected attribute are forced further apart. In such a way our method learns representations which capture the task label in focused regions, while ensuring the protected attribute has diverse spread, and thus has limited impact on prediction and thereby results in fairer models. Extensive experimental results across four tasks in NLP and computer vision show (a) that our proposed method can achieve fairer representations and realises bias reductions compared with competitive baselines; and (b) that it can do so without sacrificing main task performance; (c) that it sets a new state-of-the-art performance in one task despite reducing the bias. Finally, our method is conceptually simple and agnostic to network architectures, and incurs minimal additional compute cost.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Sep 2021.

Builds on

29 of 39 references.

References · 29

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  5. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
  6. 2020Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learningcited by 4,712
  7. 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
  8. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,803
  9. 2020Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learnerscited by 1,375
  10. 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
  11. 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
  12. 2018Mitigating Unwanted Biases with Adversarial Learningcited by 663
17 more
  1. 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 657
  2. 2020Prototypical Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Representationscited by 636
  3. 2020Null It Out: Guarding Protected Attributes by Iterative Nullspace Projectioncited by 442
  4. 2017Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraintscited by 420
  5. 2019Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Settingcited by 346
  6. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 275
  7. 2020Contrastive Clusteringcited by 264
  8. 2016Demographic Dialectal Variation in Social Media: A Case Study of African-American Englishcited by 194
  9. 2020CERT: Contrastive Self-supervised Learning for Language Understandingcited by 169
  10. 2018Adversarial Removal of Demographic Attributes from Text Datacited by 166
  11. 2017Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasmcited by 117
  12. 2018Towards Robust and Privacy-preserving Text Representationscited by 75
  13. 2021Diverse Adversaries for Mitigating Bias in Trainingcited by 48
  14. 2020Multilingual Twitter Corpus and Baselines for Evaluating Demographic Bias in Hate Speech Recognitioncited by 43
  15. 2020Stereotypical Bias Removal for Hate Speech Detection Task using Knowledge-based Generalizationscited by 40
  16. 2018Privacy and Fairness in Recommender Systems via Adversarial Training of User Representationscited by 8
  17. 2021Understanding and Achieving Efficient Robustness with Adversarial Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 8

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 5.

34 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Modelscited by 91
  2. 2022MABEL: Attenuating Gender Bias using Textual Entailment Datacited by 31
  3. 2023Learning from data with structured missingnesscited by 24
  4. 2022Optimising Equal Opportunity Fairness in Model Trainingcited by 22
  5. 2022Debiasing Methods for Fairer Neural Models in Vision and Language Research: A Surveycited by 22
  6. 2023Prompt Tuning Pushes Farther, Contrastive Learning Pulls Closer: A Two-Stage Approach to Mitigate Social Biasescited by 21
  7. 2022Conditional Supervised Contrastive Learning for Fair Text Classificationcited by 11
  8. 2024A Contrastive Learning Approach to Mitigate Bias in Speech Modelscited by 9
  9. 2024M3Hop-CoT: Misogynous Meme Identification with Multimodal Multi-hop Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 9
  10. 2024Distributionally Generative Augmentation for Fair Facial Attribute Classificationcited by 8
  11. 2023Erasure of Unaligned Attributes from Neural Representationscited by 6
  12. 2022fairlib: A Unified Framework for Assessing and Improving Classification Fairnesscited by 4
22 more
  1. 2025Mitigating Confounding in Speech-Based Dementia Detection through Weight Maskingcited by 3
  2. 2025Preserving Task-Relevant Information Under Linear Concept Removalcited by 3
  3. 2023Pushing the Accuracy-Group Robustness Frontier with Introspective Self-playcited by 2
  4. 2024Applying Intrinsic Debiasing on Downstream Tasks: Challenges and Considerations for Machine Translationcited by 2
  5. 2024Fairness via Independence: A (Conditional) Distance Covariance Frameworkcited by 2
  6. 2021Emotions are Subtle: Learning Sentiment Based Text Representations Using Contrastive Learningcited by 1
  7. 2023A Novel Information-Theoretic Objective to Disentangle Representations for Fair Classificationcited by 1
  8. 2024LLM-Assisted Content Conditional Debiasing for Fair Text Embeddingcited by 1
  9. 2024Collapsed Language Models Promote Fairnesscited by 1
  10. 2024Debias-CLR: A Contrastive Learning Based Debiasing Method for Algorithmic Fairness in Healthcare Applicationscited by 1
  11. 2025Achieving Fairness Without Harm via Selective Demographic Expertscited by 1
  12. 2026Benchmarking Bias Mitigation Toward Fairness Without Harm from Vision to LVLMscited by 1
  13. 2026SHaSaM: Submodular Hard Sample Mining for Fair Facial Attribute Recognitioncited by 1
  14. 2023Model and Evaluation: Towards Fairness in Multilingual Text Classificationcited by 0
  15. 2023A Fair Classifier Embracing Triplet Collapsecited by 0
  16. 2024HateDebias: On the Diversity and Variability of Hate Speech Debiasingcited by 0
  17. 2024An Attention-based Framework for Fair Contrastive Learningcited by 0
  18. 2025A Survey on Stereotype Detection in Natural Language Processingcited by 0
  19. 2025FairContrast: Enhancing Fairness through Contrastive learning and Customized Augmenting Methods on Tabular Datacited by 0
  20. 2026FairNVT: Fair Classification via Noise Injection in Vision Transformerscited by 0
  21. 2026Who Needs Labels? Adapting Vision Foundation Models With the Metadata You Already Havecited by 0
  22. 2026SamaVaani: Auditing and Debiasing Multilingual Clinical ASR for Indian Languagescited by 0