mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Large-Scale Unsupervised Object Discovery

arXiv 2106.06650 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2021cs.CVcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing approaches to unsupervised object discovery (UOD) do not scale up to large datasets without approximations that compromise their performance. We propose a novel formulation of UOD as a ranking problem, amenable to the arsenal of distributed methods available for eigenvalue problems and link analysis. Through the use of self-supervised features, we also demonstrate the first effective fully unsupervised pipeline for UOD. Extensive experiments on COCO and OpenImages show that, in the single-object discovery setting where a single prominent object is sought in each image, the proposed LOD (Large-scale Object Discovery) approach is on par with, or better than the state of the art for medium-scale datasets (up to 120K images), and over 37% better than the only other algorithms capable of scaling up to 1.7M images. In the multi-object discovery setting where multiple objects are sought in each image, the proposed LOD is over 14% better in average precision (AP) than all other methods for datasets ranging from 20K to 1.7M images. Using self-supervised features, we also show that the proposed method obtains state-of-the-art UOD performance on OpenImages. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/huyvvo/LOD.

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 98 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2021.

Builds on

31 of 98 references.

References · 31

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,950
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,550
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,321
  4. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,625
  5. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,266
  6. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,713
  7. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,707
  8. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,840
  9. 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,933
  10. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,434
  11. 2013Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentationcited by 2,162
  12. 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,430
19 more
  1. 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 938
  2. 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 869
  3. 2019MONet: Unsupervised Scene Decomposition and Representationcited by 390
  4. 2019Multi-Object Representation Learning with Iterative Variational Inferencecited by 359
  5. 2019GENESIS: Generative Scene Inference and Sampling with Object-Centric Latent Representationscited by 227
  6. 2018Adversarial Complementary Learning for Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 166
  7. 2019Pyramid Feature Attention Network for Saliency detectioncited by 128
  8. 2019Attention-based Dropout Layer for Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 125
  9. 2020Evaluating Weakly Supervised Object Localization Methods Rightcited by 105
  10. 2018Self-produced Guidance for Weakly-supervised Object Localizationcited by 72
  11. 2015Unsupervised Object Discovery and Localization in the Wild: Part-based Matching with Bottom-up Region Proposalscited by 69
  12. 2020Toward unsupervised, multi-object discovery in large-scale image collectionscited by 65
  13. 2020Inter-Image Communication for Weakly Supervised Localizationcited by 52
  14. 2021Unsupervised Layered Image Decomposition into Object Prototypescited by 50
  15. 2015Object detection via a multi-region & semantic segmentation-aware CNN modelcited by 47
  16. 2019Unsupervised Image Matching and Object Discovery as Optimizationcited by 42
  17. 2017Unsupervised Object Discovery and Co-Localization by Deep Descriptor Transformingcited by 15
  18. 2017Deep Descriptor Transforming for Image Co-Localizationcited by 6
  19. 2016Image Co-localization by Mimicking a Good Detector's Confidence Score Distributioncited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 17; 2023: 20; 2024: 8; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.

54 papers.

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  1. 2021Localizing Objects with Self-Supervised Transformers and no Labelscited by 228
  2. 2022Bridging the Gap to Real-World Object-Centric Learningcited by 220
  3. 2023Cut and Learn for Unsupervised Object Detection and Instance Segmentationcited by 187
  4. 2022Self-Supervised Transformers for Unsupervised Object Discovery using Normalized Cutcited by 166
  5. 2022Deep Spectral Methods: A Surprisingly Strong Baseline for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation and Localizationcited by 150
  6. 2022TokenCut: Segmenting Objects in Images and Videos with Self-supervised Transformer and Normalized Cutcited by 113
  7. 2022FreeSOLO: Learning to Segment Objects without Annotationscited by 102
  8. 2022Unsupervised Object Localization: Observing the Background to Discover Objectscited by 66
  9. 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
  10. 2022Discovering Object Masks with Transformers for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 54
  11. 2022Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation with Self-supervised Object-centric Representationscited by 54
  12. 2023DiffusionSeg: Adapting Diffusion Towards Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 53
38 more
  1. 2023Self-supervised Object-Centric Learning for Videoscited by 49
  2. 2023CLIP-DIY: CLIP Dense Inference Yields Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation For-Freecited by 39
  3. 2022Self-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 37
  4. 2023Unsupervised Universal Image Segmentationcited by 34
  5. 2024LiFT: A Surprisingly Simple Lightweight Feature Transform for Dense ViT Descriptorscited by 27
  6. 2023Towards Unsupervised Object Detection From LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 23
  7. 2021Object-Aware Cropping for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 22
  8. 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
  9. 2022MOVE: Unsupervised Movable Object Segmentation and Detectioncited by 20
  10. 2022Active Learning Strategies for Weakly-supervised Object Detectioncited by 17
  11. 2023MOST: Multiple Object localization with Self-supervised Transformers for object discoverycited by 17
  12. 2023Unsupervised Object Localization in the Era of Self-Supervised ViTs: A Surveycited by 16
  13. 2023Emergent Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation from Off-the-shelf Vision-Language Modelscited by 15
  14. 2023Weakly-supervised Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 12
  15. 2022Learning to Discover and Detect Objectscited by 11
  16. 2023HEAP: Unsupervised Object Discovery and Localization with Contrastive Groupingcited by 10
  17. 2024HASSOD: Hierarchical Adaptive Self-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 10
  18. 2023What's in a Name? Beyond Class Indices for Image Recognitioncited by 9
  19. 2023FLSL: Feature-level Self-supervised Learningcited by 9
  20. 2023LOCATE: Self-supervised Object Discovery via Flow-guided Graph-cut and Bootstrapped Self-trainingcited by 8
  21. 2023Optical Flow boosts Unsupervised Localization and Segmentationcited by 7
  22. 2024SOHES: Self-supervised Open-world Hierarchical Entity Segmentationcited by 6
  23. 2022Foreground Guidance and Multi-Layer Feature Fusion for Unsupervised Object Discovery with Transformerscited by 4
  24. 2022Image Segmentation-based Unsupervised Multiple Objects Discoverycited by 4
  25. 2023SEMPART: Self-supervised Multi-resolution Partitioning of Image Semanticscited by 4
  26. 2024Unsupervised Object Discovery: A Comprehensive Survey and Unified Taxonomycited by 4
  27. 2023Enhancing Interpretable Object Abstraction via Clustering-based Slot Initializationcited by 3
  28. 2023Box-based Refinement for Weakly Supervised and Unsupervised Localization Taskscited by 3
  29. 2023The Background Also Matters: Background-Aware Motion-Guided Objects Discoverycited by 3
  30. 2024Masked Multi-Query Slot Attention for Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 3
  31. 2024PANDAS: Prototype-based Novel Class Discovery and Detectioncited by 2
  32. 2024MOD-UV: Learning Mobile Object Detectors from Unlabeled Videoscited by 2
  33. 2022Novel 3D Scene Understanding Applications From Recurrence in a Single Imagecited by 1
  34. 2023Self-Supervised Learning of Object Segmentation from Unlabeled RGB-D Videoscited by 0
  35. 2024PEEKABOO: Hiding parts of an image for unsupervised object localizationcited by 0
  36. 2025Object Concepts Emerge from Motioncited by 0
  37. 2025Ensemble Foreground Management for Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 0
  38. 2025S2-UniSeg: Fast Universal Agglomerative Pooling for Scalable Segment Anything without Supervisioncited by 0

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)