mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Image Matching and Object Discovery as Optimization

arXiv 1904.03148 ↗First posted 5 Apr 2019cs.CVcited by 42

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Abstract (arXiv)

Learning with complete or partial supervision is powerful but relies on ever-growing human annotation efforts. As a way to mitigate this serious problem, as well as to serve specific applications, unsupervised learning has emerged as an important field of research. In computer vision, unsupervised learning comes in various guises. We focus here on the unsupervised discovery and matching of object categories among images in a collection, following the work of Cho et al. 2015. We show that the original approach can be reformulated and solved as a proper optimization problem. Experiments on several benchmarks establish the merit of our approach.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Apr 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 15; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

42 papers.

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  1. 2021Localizing Objects with Self-Supervised Transformers and no Labelscited by 227
  2. 2022Self-Supervised Transformers for Unsupervised Object Discovery using Normalized Cutcited by 166
  3. 2022Deep Spectral Methods: A Surprisingly Strong Baseline for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation and Localizationcited by 150
  4. 2022TokenCut: Segmenting Objects in Images and Videos with Self-supervised Transformer and Normalized Cutcited by 111
  5. 2022FreeSOLO: Learning to Segment Objects without Annotationscited by 102
  6. 2022Unsupervised Object Localization: Observing the Background to Discover Objectscited by 66
  7. 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
  8. 2021Large-Scale Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 54
  9. 2021Unsupervised Layered Image Decomposition into Object Prototypescited by 50
  10. 2022Learning to Detect Mobile Objects from LiDAR Scans Without Labelscited by 44
  11. 2024In Defense of Lazy Visual Grounding for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentationcited by 38
  12. 2024Segment Anything without Supervisioncited by 27
30 more
  1. 2021Object-Aware Cropping for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 22
  2. 2022MOVE: Unsupervised Movable Object Segmentation and Detectioncited by 20
  3. 2022Active Learning Strategies for Weakly-supervised Object Detectioncited by 17
  4. 2023MOST: Multiple Object localization with Self-supervised Transformers for object discoverycited by 17
  5. 2023Unsupervised Object Localization in the Era of Self-Supervised ViTs: A Surveycited by 16
  6. 2021Learning Co-segmentation by Segment Swapping for Retrieval and Discoverycited by 15
  7. 2022A Simple and Powerful Global Optimization for Unsupervised Video Object Segmentationcited by 15
  8. 2023Emergent Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation from Off-the-shelf Vision-Language Modelscited by 15
  9. 2022SparseDet: Improving Sparsely Annotated Object Detection with Pseudo-positive Miningcited by 14
  10. 2021The Pursuit of Knowledge: Discovering and Localizing Novel Categories using Dual Memorycited by 13
  11. 2023Weakly-supervised Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Object Discoverycited by 12
  12. 2022Learning to Discover and Detect Objectscited by 11
  13. 2023HEAP: Unsupervised Object Discovery and Localization with Contrastive Groupingcited by 10
  14. 2024HASSOD: Hierarchical Adaptive Self-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 10
  15. 2023What's in a Name? Beyond Class Indices for Image Recognitioncited by 9
  16. 2023FLSL: Feature-level Self-supervised Learningcited by 9
  17. 2024SOHES: Self-supervised Open-world Hierarchical Entity Segmentationcited by 6
  18. 2022Foreground Guidance and Multi-Layer Feature Fusion for Unsupervised Object Discovery with Transformerscited by 4
  19. 2022Image Segmentation-based Unsupervised Multiple Objects Discoverycited by 4
  20. 2024Unsupervised Object Discovery: A Comprehensive Survey and Unified Taxonomycited by 4
  21. 2023Box-based Refinement for Weakly Supervised and Unsupervised Localization Taskscited by 3
  22. 2023The Background Also Matters: Background-Aware Motion-Guided Objects Discoverycited by 3
  23. 2021PatchNet: Unsupervised Object Discovery based on Patch Embeddingcited by 2
  24. 2022Loss Function Entropy Regularization for Diverse Decision Boundariescited by 2
  25. 2024MOD-UV: Learning Mobile Object Detectors from Unlabeled Videoscited by 2
  26. 2021Community Detection in Medical Image Datasets: Using Wavelets and Spectral Methodscited by 0
  27. 2024Historical Printed Ornaments: Dataset and Taskscited by 0
  28. 2025Object Concepts Emerge from Motioncited by 0
  29. 2026PANC: Prior-Aware Normalized Cut via Anchor-Augmented Token Graphscited by 0
  30. 2026Object Concepts Emerge from Motioncited by 0